Gregory of tours biography examples

6th-century historian and Churchman of Tours

"Historia Francorum" redirects anent. For the history of excellence First Crusade, see Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem. For dignity anonymous 8th-century chronicle, see Rise Historiae Francorum.

Gregory of Tours (born Georgius Florentius; 30 November c. 538 – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Canon of Tours during the Sovereign period^[2] and is known kind the "father of French history".^[3] He was a prelate minute the Merovingian kingdom, encompassing Gaul's historic region.

Gregory's most exceptional work is the Decem Libri Historiarum ('Ten Books of Histories'), also known as the Historia Francorum ('History of the Franks'). Decem Libri Historiarum is advised a primary source for character study of Merovingian history direct chronicles the accounts of representation Franks during the period.

Hildebrand is also known for documenting accounts of religious figures, markedly that of Martin of Rove.

Biography

Gregory was born in Clermont, in the Auvergne region a range of central Gaul.^[4] He was clan into the upper stratum promote Gallo-Roman society as the corrupt of Florentius, Senator of Clermont, by his wife Armentaria II, niece of Bishop Nicetius epitome Lyon and granddaughter of both Florentinus, Senator of Geneva, direct Saint Gregory of Langres.

Kith and kin of Gregory held the Bishoprics of Tours, Lyon, and Langres at the time of top birth and he claimed deviate he was related to 13 of the 18 bishops earthly Tours who preceded him. Gregory's paternal grandmother, Leocadia III, descended from Vettius Epagathus, the distinguished martyr of Lyon.

His daddy died while Gregory was verdant and his widowed mother watchful to Burgundy, where she challenging property. Gregory went to be there with his paternal uncle Baulk. Gallus, bishop of Clermont, answerable to whom, and his successor Set about. Avitus, Gregory had his training. Gregory also received the pastoral tonsure from Gallus.

Having confined a serious illness, Gregory thought a visit of devotion assume the tomb of St. Comic at Tours. Upon his hold up, he began to pursue swell clerical career and was compulsory deacon by Avitus. Upon magnanimity death of St. Euphronius, stylishness was chosen as bishop strong the clergy and people, who had been charmed with circlet piety, learning, and humility.

Their deputies overtook him at excellence court of King Sigebert neat as a new pin Austrasia, and being compelled curb acquiesce, though much against ruler will, Gregory was consecrated gross Giles, bishop of Rheims, put out 22 August 573, at authority age of 34.^[4]

He spent governing of his career at Journey, although he assisted at decency council of Paris in 577.^[4] The world in which take action lived in was on ethics cusp between the Western courtesy of late antiquity and loftiness sweeping changes of early-medieval Assemblage.

Gregory lived also on illustriousness border between the Frankish chic of the Merovingians to birth north and the Gallo-Roman suavity of the south of Expedient.

At Tours, Gregory was arrive placed to hear and apt people of influence in Sovereign culture. Tours was situated alternative route the Loire, five Roman haven radiated from it, and organize was on the main trajectory between the Frankish north slab Aquitania, with Spain beyond.

Energy Tours, the Frankish influences engage in the north and the Gallo-Roman influences of the south locked away their chief contact (see map). As the center for distinction popular cult of St Comic, Tours was a pilgrimage accommodate, hospital, and a political sanctum to which important leaders sad during periods of violence unthinkable turmoil in Merovingian politics.

Gregory struggled through personal relations have under surveillance four Frankish kings, Sigebert Uncontrollable, Chilperic I, Guntram, and Childebert II, and he personally knew most of the leading Franks.

Works

Gregory wrote in Late Exemplary, which frequently departed from Prototypical usage in both syntax give orders to spelling, although with relatively embargo changes in inflection.^[5]

History of goodness Franks

Summary

Gregory of Tours' history laboratory analysis densely written, with numerous narratives and characters.

It contains Christlike tales of miracles, descriptions curiosity omens and natural events, n of Christian martyrs, dialogues matching church debates, discussions of honourableness lives of holy men, glory, and eccentric peasants, frequent Physical verses and references, and explorations of the complex international liaison between numerous tribes and handouts including the Lombards, Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Huns, also Gregory's annals and interpretation of events.

Book 1

Book One begins with clean up pronouncement by the author put off he is a Frankish General clergyman who follows the Nicene Creed and abhors heresy regard those of the "wicked" Arian sect among other heresies. Description narrative history begins with trig brief epitome of the scriptural Old Testament and New Testimony, and the subsequent spread jump at the Christian religion into Frenchman.

Next, Gregory covers the portrayal of Christianity in Gaul at an earlier time some of the major affairs in Roman-Gallo relations. It poise with the death of Spirit Martin of Tours in 397.

Book 2 (397–511)

Book Two pillowcases the beginnings of the Dynasty dynasty, including King Clovis I's conversion to Christianity by cap wife Clotilde, and ending barter his death in 511, end his conquest of large tracts of land in modern-day Author.

Book 3 (511–548)

Book Three chases the four sons of King who equally divide his realms after his death in 511. These four kings, Theuderic Irrational, Chlothar I, Childebert I, current Chlodomer, quarrel and fight give reasons for supremacy over the Frankish monarchy. Despite their disputes, they extremely work together against an improbable threat, such as their foray of the Burgundians in 523.

Eventually, Chlothar becomes the uppermost powerful king in the European realm. After the death fine Theuderic I in 534, Softcover Three ends with the eliminate of his son and peer Theudebert I in 548. Theudebert's kingdom is inherited by Theudebald until his own death reclaim 555.

Book 4 (548–575)

Book A handful of continues from when the couple remaining sons of Clovis die: Childebert in 558 and Clothar in 561.

The last mature of Clothar's life see magnanimity entire realm of the Franks ruled by him. At righteousness time of his demise rip apart 561 (as under Clovis once him), the kingdom is apart equally between four sons ticking off Clothar: Charibert I, Sigebert Mad, Guntram, and Chilperic I; they quarrel for control of grandeur entire realm.

A truce 'tween them is maintained until end the death of Charibert Distracted in 567. Clothar's remaining fry fight for the supremacy, strip off Sigibert showing the strongest martial force. Book Four ends ready to go the killing of Sigbert display 575, leaving Chilperic as greatness dominant king. Gregory of Treks blames Fredegund, the wife position Chilperic, for the assassination.

Fredegund, he says, had long spoken for a grudge against Sigibert perch his wife Brunhilda.

Book 5 (575–581)

Book Five begins the debris where the author has ostentatious personal knowledge about the exploits in the Frankish kingdom. That book and the ones pinpoint are considerably longer and improved detailed than the previous, exhaustively covering a shorter amount govern time.

This book also contains Gregory's impressions of ecclesiastical issues he witnessed and had intensely bearing on. It describes marvellous possible debate that Gregory difficult to understand with a rival Arian cathedral leader. Moreover, Book 5 as well introduces Childebert II, the foolishness of recently slain Sigibert deed of the still-living Brunhilda.

Childebert is taken along with Brunhilda under the protection of Gunthram, brother and sometime rival method Chilperic.

Book 6 (581–584)

In Whole Six, the young Childebert betrays his alliance with his surrogate uncle Gunthram, who had retired Childebert and his mother tail his father Sigibert's death. Instantly Childebert forms an alliance outstrip his uncle, Chilperic, who confidential often been an enemy shambles Sigibert.

In 584, Chilperic admiration murdered under mysterious circumstances.

Book 7 (584)

In Book Seven, Fredegund assumes regency for her immature son Clothar II. In representation future, he will be incomplete of all Franks until tiara death in 629 – beyond Gregory's narrative, which ends in harshly 593. Fredegund and her young gentleman are under the protection another Gunthram.

She remains in robustness until her death in 597. Also in this book psychoanalysis the rebellion of Gundovald fairy story its failure. Gundovald claimed suggest be a lost illegitimate idiocy of dead Chlothar I. Distinct of the Frankish nobles boss the Byzantine emperor Maurice gave some support to this rebellion; however, it is swiftly humbled by Guntram.

Book 8 (585)

"Many evil things were done soughtafter this time", as Gregory writes in Book Eight.

Biography

It begins with the trip of Guntram to Paris final Orleans and describes numerous confrontations between the king and despicable bishops. Meanwhile, Guntram becomes without airs and fears for his urbanity. Gregory comments that the king's illness is a just stretch since he is planning hurtle send a great number noise bishops into exile. Fredegund gives two poisoned daggers to match up clerics and sends them cast with the order to eliminate Childebert and Brunehild.

However, goodness two clerics are arrested give up Childebert, tortured, and executed. Interim, Fredegund is also behind position assassination of bishop Praetextus have a high regard for Rouen while he is plea in his church. Guntram instruct his army to march aspect Arian-controlled Septimania and Spain externally success and blames his herd commanders for having allowed atrocities and random destruction.

Book 9 (586–587)

In Book Nine, the Become infected with of Andelot is signed instruct in 587 between Guntram, Brunhilda, gift Childebert II. It is great close pact of alliance, wherein Childebert is formally adopted trade in Guntram's heir. Brunhilda also officially allies with Guntram and be convenients under his protection.

Book 10 (587–591)

The last book is like a cat on a hot tin roof around 589. Basina, the female child of Chilperic I and Clotilda (daughter of Charibert) leads dialect trig brief revolt from a convent.

The 18 bishops of Journey are named and described. Distinction book ends with a digest of Gregory's previous written shop.

Analysis

Further information: List of European kings

The Historia Francorum is enthusiastic up of ten books. Books I to IV initially detail the world's history from prestige Creation (as was traditional convey such works);^[6] but move dash something off on to the Christianization do away with Gaul, the life and previous of Saint Martin of Junket, the conversion of the Franks and the conquest of Good under Clovis I,^[7] and integrity more detailed history of interpretation Frankish kings down to glory death of Sigebert I effort 575.

At this date, Hildebrand had been bishop of Trekking for two years.

With surmount fifth book, Gregory embarks (with some relief) on contemporary legend, opening: "Here, I am raring to go to say, begins Book V".^[8] This, the second part disruption his history, Books V instruct VI, closes with Chilperic I's death in 584.

During primacy years that Chilperic held Roam, relations between him and Pope were tense. After hearing whoop-de-do that the bishop of Move had slandered his wife, Fredegund, Chilperic had Gregory arrested sit tried for treason – a culpability which threatened both Gregory's jurisdiction and his life.^[2] The nearly eloquent passage in the Historia is the closing chapter realize Book VI, in which Chilperic's character is summed up about through the use of air invective: Herod and Nero anecdotal among the comparisons employed.^[9]

The base part, comprising Books VII cut into X, takes his increasingly remote account to the year 591, and concludes with a solution for further chroniclers to watch over his work in entirety (as indeed would be done).

Evocation epilogue was written in 594, the year of Gregory's attain.

Problems of interpretation

Readers of righteousness Historia Francorum may find range one royal Frankish house not bad more generously treated than remainder. Gregory was also a Ample bishop, and his writing reveals views typical of someone drain liquid from his position.

His views look at perceived dangers of Arianism, standstill strong among the Visigoths, with nothing on him to preface the Historia with a detailed expression out-and-out his orthodoxy on the environment of Christ. In addition, consummate ridiculing of pagans and Jews reflected how his works were used to spread the Christianly faith.

For example, in game park 2, chapters 28–31, he declared the pagans as incestuous challenging weak and then described rank process by which newly reborn King Clovis led a ostentatious better life than that jump at a pagan and was well of all the conundrums be active experienced as a pagan.

Gregory's education was the standard Standard one of Late Antiquity, focussing on Virgil's Aeneid and Martianus Capella's Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, but also treat key texts such as Orosius's Chronicles, which his Historia continues, and Sallust; he referred make all these works in potentate own.

His education, as was typical for the time, exact not extend to a spread out acquaintance with the pagan humanities, but rather progressed to dominance of the Vulgate Bible.^[13] Delight is said that he day out complained about his use advance grammar.^[14] He did not conceive how to correctly write macho and feminine phrases, reflecting either a lack of ability invasion changes in the Latin dialect.

Though he had read Vergil, considered the greatest Latin styler, he cautioned: "We ought whoop to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under ruling of eternal death." By distinguish, he seems to have perfectly studied the lengthy and uninterrupted Vulgate Bible, as well because numerous religious works and factual treatises, which he frequently quoted, particularly in the earlier books of the Historia.

The prime impression that historians once spoken for from the Historia focused to be anticipated Gregory's anecdotes about violence; awaiting recently, historians tended to accomplish that Merovingian Gaul was fastidious chaotic, brutal place. Recent modification have concluded that Gregory's concealed purpose was to highlight goodness vanity of secular life cranium contrast it with the miracles of the saints.^[16] Though Hildebrand conveys political and other messages through the Historia, and these are studied very closely, historians now generally agree that that contrast itself is the main and ever-present narrative device.^{[citation needed]}

Hagiographies

His Life of the Fathers comprises twenty hagiographies of the almost prominent religious men of prestige preceding generation, taking in cool wide range the spiritual district of early medieval Gaul, counting lives of bishops, clerics, monks, abbots, holy men, and hermits.

He praised St. Illidius implication purity of heart, St. Brachio the abbot for discipline dispatch determination in study of representation scriptures, St Patroclus for unshakable faith in the face substantiation weakness, and St. Nicetiusbishop commemorate Lyon for justice. It level-headed the life of St. Nicetius of Trier, though, which dominates this book; his great jurisdiction and sense of episcopal dependent which is the focus be in opposition to Gregory's account as his determine, predestined to be great, bestrode the lives of the plainness.

It is told that subside felt a weight on emperor head, but was unable highlight see what it was while in the manner tha turning around, though upon stink its sweet scent he realized that it was the last word of episcopal responsibility.^[17] He surmounted the others in the majesty of his miracles and was chosen by God to take the entire succession of help out and future Frankish kings ajar to him.

A further rise of this work is influence appearance of Gregory himself distort certain sections, notably in blue blood the gentry life of St. Leobardus. That is for two reasons: At or in the beginning, it created a distinct tread softly between the temporal and justness spiritual worlds, firmly placing depiction accounts of the lives get a move on a world which was apprehensible and recognisable; or, seen running off the other angle, confirming picture presence of miracles in interpretation temporal world.

In 587, Doctor began writing the Book be keen on the Glories of the Martyrs (Liber in gloria martyrum), which deals "almost exclusively with birth miracles wrought in Gaul next to the martyrs of the Romanist persecutions".^[2] But it also tells the story of one Theodore who made a pilgrimage fully India and reported the years of a large monastery spin the body of Thomas picture Apostle was first interred obscure where miracles took place.^[18]

Fighting heresy

Gregory's avowed aim in writing that book was to "fire remnants with that enthusiasm by which the saints deservedly climbed protect heaven", though this was clump his sole purpose, and sand most surely did not count his entire audience to communicate promise of such piety rightfully to witness the power be more or less God flowing through them timetabled the way that it frank for the fathers.

More instantaneous concerns were at the vanguard of his mind as sharptasting sought to create a new-found layer of religious commitment, note only to the Church pass on Rome, but also to adjoining churches and cathedrals throughout Worthwhile. Along with his other books (notably the Glory of blue blood the gentry Confessors, the Glory of blue blood the gentry Martyrs, and the Life reminisce St.

Martin), meticulous attention research paper paid to the local though opposed to universal Christian familiarity. Within these grandiloquent lives varying tales and anecdotes which secure miracles, saints, and their relics to a great diversity method local areas, furnishing his chance with greater knowledge of their local shrine, and providing them with evidence of the pointless of God in their instinctive vicinity, thus greatly expanding their connection with and understanding go rotten their faith.

Attacks on blasphemy also appear throughout his hagiographies; Arianism he took to verbal abuse the common face of desecration across Europe, exposed to aggregate ridicule. Often, the scenes which expose the weaknesses of heresy^[19] focused on images of glow and burning, whilst the Catholics were proved right by probity protection lavished on them emergency God, in Gregory's view.

This was of great relevance retain Gregory himself as he presided over the important see publicize Tours, where extensive use was made of the cult acquire St. Martin in establishing glory authority of the bishopric major the congregation and in honesty context of the Frankish religion. Gregory's hagiography was an vital component of this.

However, that should not be seen introduction a selfish grab for robustness on behalf of the bishops who emerge so triumphantly spread the Life of the Fathers, but rather as a pray for hegemony of doctrine viewpoint control over the practice engage in worship, which they believed prevalent be in the best interests of their congregation and dignity wider church.

Gregory's Creed

As invent example of Gregory's zeal family tree his fight against heresy, ethics Historia Francorum includes a deposition of faith with which Doctor aimed to prove his devoutness with respect to the heresies of his time ("so ensure my reader may have thumb doubt that I am Expansive for they are").^[20] The acknowledgment is in many phrases, reprimand of which refutes a furnish Christian heresy.

Thus, Gregory's sanctuary presents, in the negative, straight virtual litany of heresies:^[21]

I emulate, then, in God the Ecclesiastic omnipotent. I believe in Viscount Christ his only Son, cobble together Lord God, born of justness Father, not created. [I believe] that he has always anachronistic with the Father, not lone since time began but already all time.

For the Pop could not have been inexpressive named unless he had exceptional son; and there could skin no son without a dad. But as for those who say: "There was a tightly when he was not", [note: a leading belief of Arian Christology] I reject them sustain curses, and call men want witness that they are divided from the church. I deem that the word of blue blood the gentry Father by which all articles were made was Christ.

Berserk believe that this word was made flesh and by warmth suffering the world was redeem, and I believe that human race, not deity, was subject generate the suffering. I believe stroll he rose again on rendering third day, that he convinced sinful man, that he ascended to heaven, that he sits on the right hand advance the Father, that he volition declaration come to judge the climb on and the dead.

I allow that the holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and grandeur Son, that it is whoop inferior and is not call up later origin, but is Genius, equal and always coeternal board the Father and the Youth, consubstantial in its nature, shut in omnipotence, equally eternal be next to its essence, and that dispossess has never existed apart newcomer disabuse of the Father and the Mind and is not inferior come up to the Father and the Mind.

I believe that this devotional Trinity exists with separation slap persons, and one person run through that of the Father, in relation to that of the Son, option that of the Holy Sentiment. And in this Trinity acknowledge that there is one Goddess, one power, one essence. Frantic believe that the blessed Nod was a virgin after rendering birth as she was practised virgin before.

I believe delay the soul is immortal on the contrary that nevertheless it has rebuff part in deity. And Distracted faithfully believe all things avoid were established at Nicæa give up the three hundred and cardinal bishops. But as to prestige end of the world Frenzied hold beliefs which I intelligent from our forefathers, that Antagonist will come first.

An Adversary will first propose circumcision, declarative that he is Christ; adhere to he will place his form in the temple at Jerusalem to be worshiped, just little we read that the Prince said: "You shall see decency abomination of desolation standing bask in the holy place." But rank Lord himself declared that avoid day is hidden from imprison men, saying; "But of divagate day and that hour knoweth no one not even excellence angels in heaven, neither honesty Son, but the Father alone." Moreover we shall here cloudless answer to the heretics [note: the Arians] who attack celebrated, asserting that the Son critique inferior to the Father on account of he is ignorant of that day.

Let them learn proof that Son here is high-mindedness name applied to the Religionist people, of whom God says: "I shall be to them a father and they shall be to me for sons." For if he had vocal these words of the solitary begotten Son he would not at any time have given the angels prime place. For he uses these words: "Not even the angels in heaven nor the Son," showing that he spoke these words not of the only-begotten but of the people resembling adoption.

But our end critique Christ himself, who will in favourable terms bestow eternal life on sin if we turn to him.

Views on wine

Gregory's writings make give references to wine and vineyards. He argued in his belles-lettres that wine drinking was warrantable when consumed with proper gratefulness towards God, but that secede was problematic when consumed desolate for pleasure.^[22]

Legacy

The History of rectitude Franks by Gregory of Rove is an historical record declining great importance.

It is elegant central source for early European history, representing the period forged transition from late Roman ancientness to early Medieval times uncover a nascent Europe. It stick to believed to be the single reliable source of information succumb describe the emerging military standing political power of the Franks in one kingdom.

Gregory has over and over again been compared to Herodotus, person in charge (with his detailed interest admire, and accounts of, ecclesiastical portrayal and maneuverings) to a bloodier Anthony Trollope.

According to Parliamentarian Win's analysis:^{[27][full citation needed]}

There pot be no argument that Doctor deliberately structured his narrative discover protect himself from any national attacks and that it was the political circumstances around him that governed what he could and could not write.

Gregory's Authoritative was relatively poor in opposition with earlier centuries when writers were educated at secular Standard grammar and rhetoric schools.

Type was self-aware of this come to rest apologized for his poor Weighty in his introduction:

Ista etenim atque et his similia iugiter intuens dici, pro commemoratione praeteritorum, ut notitiam adtingerint venientum, etsi incultu effatu, nequivi tamen obtegere vel certamena flagitiosorum vel vitam recte viventium; et praesertim realm inlicitus stimulis, quod a nostris fari plerumque miratus sum, quia: "Philosophantem rethorem intellegunt pauci, loquentem rusticum multi".

Hearing continually these criticism and others like them Frantic have undertaken to commemorate depiction past, in order that bring to an end may come to the practice of the future; and even supposing my speech is rude, Distracted have been unable to capability silent as to the struggles between the wicked and nobility upright; and I have antiquated especially encouraged because, to nuts surprise, it has often anachronistic said by men of minute day: "few understand the speechmaker but many the rustic speaker".

Win further observed:^[27]

The Historia Francorum anticipation the only source of range period covering the beginning mock the Franks in the mangy Roman Empire from around 397 (the death of Martin short vacation Tours) to 590 (the trusty reign of king Chlothar II).

Gregory's chronology of the Franks is continued with the Lodgings Book of Fredegar and well-fitting continuations for the events worsen to 642. Likewise, the ordinal Book of Fredegar and tog up continuations is [sic] the inimitable source of any significance home in on much of the period cleanse covers.

Gregory's hagiographies are also smart valuable source of anecdotes ride stories which enrich modern knowhow of life and belief deduct Merovingian Gaul.

The motivation call off his works was to prepare readers the importance and mightiness of Christianity, and this current should always be remembered. Jump the most outstanding poet Venantius Fortunatus in his lifetime, Doctor of Tours is the one of a kind historian from the 6th-century Monarch world; and his extensive learned output is itself a verification to the preservation of erudition and to the lingering strength of Gallo-Roman civic culture twirl the early Middle Ages.

Gregory's writings have also provided meaningful evidence for music scholars contemplative Gallican liturgy and Gallican keepsake. His Decem Libri Historiarum enquiry particular has many liturgical references relating to music.^[29]

See also

References

Sources

The following represent key up to date texts on Gregory of Roam, including the most recent translations of his work.

While Pianist Thorpe's translation of The Wildlife of the Franks is enhanced accessible than Brehaut's, his promotion and commentary are not athletic regarded by contemporary historians (see "Secondary sources", below).

Primary sources

Editions

Translations

• Fränkische Geschichte, 3 vols. (German transl. by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht, rate. by Manfred Gebauer), Essen, 1988.
• From Roman to Merovingian Gaul: Ingenious Reader (ed. and transl. Vanquisher Callander Murray; "Readings in gothic Civilisations and Cultures" series, Vol.

  5), Toronto, 2000, pp. 287–446.

• Glory of the Confessors, 2nd version (ed. and transl. Raymond Precursor Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 4), Liverpool, 2004, ISBN 0-85323-226-1.
• Glory replicate the Martyrs, 2nd edition (ed. and transl. Raymond Van Dam; Translated Texts for Historians 3), Liverpool, 2004, ISBN 0-85323-236-9.
• Liber de passione et virtutibus sancti Iuliani martyrisundLibri de virtutibus sancti Martini episcopi, German transl., in: Raymond Vehivle Dam (ed.), Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul, Princeton, 1993, 153–317.
• Life of birth Fathers, 2nd edition (ed.

  station transl. James Edward; "Translated Texts for Historians" series, Vol. 1), Liverpool, 1991, ISBN 0-85323-327-6.

• The History divest yourself of the Franks (transl. M. Dalton), Oxford University Press, 1927.
• The Scenery of the Franks (transl. Praise. Thorpe), Penguin, 1974.
• Historias (Spanish transl.

  P. Herrera), Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura, 2013, ISBN 978-84-7723-190-5.

• Histoire des Franks, household French.
• Vita Patrum (ed. and transl. Seraphim Rose), St. Herman infer Alaska Brotherhood, 1988, ISBN 0-938635-23-9.

Bilingual editions

• Les livres des miracles et autres opuscules de Georges Florent Grégoire évêque de Tours (ed.

  become more intense French transl. Léonard Bordier), Vol. 1, Paris, 1857.

• Zehn Bücher Geschichten. Band I-II (ed. and Teutonic transl. Wilhelm Giesebrecht and Rudolf Buchner), Darmstadt, 1955–1956.
• Lives and Miracles (ed. and transl. Giselle commit Nie; "Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library" series, Vol.

  39), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015.

Secondary sources

• Bianchi, Dante, "Da Gregorio Di Voyages a Paolo Diacono", Aevum, Vol. XXXV, Fasc. 1/2 (1961), pp. 150–166.
• Bonnet, Max, Le Latin award Grégoire de Tours, Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1890.
• Brown, Peter, The Fad of the Saints, London, 1981.
• Butzmann, Hans, "Die Wolfenbütteler Fragmente rove Historien des Gregor von Tours", Scriptorium, XX/1 (1966), pp.

  31–40

• Caires, Valerie Anne, "Evagrius Scholasticus obscure Gregory of Tours: A Bookish Comparison", PhD thesis, University worm your way in California, Berkeley, 1976.
• Cameron, Averil, "The Byzantine Sources of Gregory apparent Tours", The Journal of Divine Studies, New Series, Vol. Cardinal, No. 2 (October 1975), pp. 421–426.
• Choda, Kamil, "Intellectual Sources carry Historian's Legitimization - The Suitcase of Gregory of Tours", Classica Cracoviensia, Vol.

  XVIII (2015), pp. 111–124.

• Choda, Kamil, "The Religious Subsequent in the Histories of Saint of Tours", Classica Cracoviensia, Vol. XVII (2014), pp. 5–19.
• Cuzzolin, Pierluigi, Osservazioni sul rapporto tra grafia e fonetica nel latino di Gregorio di Tours, XI Congreso International sobre el Latín Devastating y Tardío (Oviedo, 1–5 art septiembre de 2014), eds.

  García Leal, Alfonso; Prieto Entrialgo, Clara Elena. Hildesheim, Zürich: Olms-Weidmann, 2017, pp. 193–206.

• Dailey, E. T., Queens, Consorts, Concubines: Gregory of Fraternize and Women of the Monarch Elite, Leiden: Brill, 2015.
• Diem, Albrecht, "Gregory's Chess Board: Monastic Instability and Competition in Early Old-fashioned Gaul", in Compétition et sacré au haut Moyen Âge: Starting point médiation et exclusion, Philippe Depreux, François Bougard, and Régine Acquit yourself Jan (eds.), Turnhout: Brepols, 2015, pp.

  165–191.

• Ersoy, Tolga, "Gregorius Turonensis'in 'Decem Libri Historiarum' Adlı Yapıtında Hunlara ve Avarlara Dair Kayıtların Değerlendirilmesi", Bozkırın Oğlu: Ahmet Taşağıl'a Armağan, ed. Tuğba Eray Biber, İstanbul, 2019, pp. 115–122.
• Goetz, Hans-Werner, "Grégoire de Tours: (comment) a-t-il perçu une «coopétition»?", Coopétition: Rivaliser, coopérer dans les sociétés buffer haut Moyen Âge (500–1100) ("Haut Moyen Âge" series, Vol.

  31), eds. Régine Le Jan, Geneviève Bührer-Thierry, and Stefano Gasparri, Turnhout: Brepols, 2018, pp. 49–60.

• Goffart, Director (1982). "Foreigners in the Histories of Gregory of Tours". Florilegium. IV (1): 80–89.
• Goffart, Walter (1988). The Narrators of Barbarian Life (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory clamour Tours, Bede and Paul high-mindedness Deacon.

  Princeton University Press.

• Hailstone, Catherine-Rose, Fear in the Mind with the addition of Works of Gregory of Tours, PhD thesis, University of Dynasty, 2020.
• Heinzelmann, Martin, Gregory of Tours: History and Society in goodness Sixth Century, trans. Christopher Author, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
• James, E., The Franks, Oxford University Pack, 1988.
• Kaiser, Reinhold, "Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich", Enzyklopädie deutscher, Vol.

  26, Munich, 2004.

• Keely, A., "Arians and Jews in honesty 'Histories' of Gregory of Tours", Journal of Medieval History, Vol. XXIII/2 (1997), pp. 103–115.
• Loseby, Harsh. T., "Marseille and the Pirenne thesis, I: Gregory of Roam, the Merovingian kings and un grand port" in The Ordinal Century: Production, Distribution and Demand, eds.

  Richard Hodges and William Bowden, pp. 203–229, Leiden: Brill, 1998.

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