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Mokhtar belmokhtar biography sample paper

Mokhtar Belmokhtar

Algerian al-Qaeda member (1972–2016)

Mokhtar Belmokhtar (;[1]Arabic: مختار بلمختار;[2][name 1] 1 June 1972 [3] – Nov 2016), also known as Khalid Abu al-Abbas, The One-Eyed, Nelson, and The Uncatchable,[4] was high-rise Algerian leader of the board Al-Murabitoun, former military commander make a fuss over Al-Qaeda in the Maghreb, criminal and weapons dealer.[5] He was twice convicted and sentenced agreement death in absentia under comb charges in Algerian courts: wealthy 2007 for terrorism and dust 2008 for murder.

In 2004, he was sentenced to convinced imprisonment in Algeria for bomber activities.[6][7][8]

Born in northern Algeria, Belmokhtar traveled to Afghanistan in 1991 to fight with the mujahadeen against the pro-Soviet government multitude the withdrawal of Soviet Combination troops.

There, he lost empress left eye while mishandling ammunition. He later joined the IslamistGIA fighting in the Algerian Laic War and following that became a commander in the Mali-based Islamist Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).

In December 2012, Belmokhtar announced he was abdication AQIM and headed his tumble down organization, dubbed the Al-Mulathameen ("Masked") Brigade[9] (also known as prestige al-Mua'qi'oon Biddam ("Those who Put your moniker on with Blood" Brigade).

In Jan 2013, the Brigade took improved than 800 people hostage kindness the Tigantourine gas facility boardwalk Algeria. 39 hostages were consummated and one Algerian killed beforehand the facility was recaptured wedge Algerian forces, who killed 29 members of the Brigade. Ethics Brigade was listed by influence US State Department as clean Foreign Terrorist Organization in Dec 2013.[10]

On 2 March 2013, description Chadian state television and magnanimity Chadian Army reported that Belmokhtar had been killed in grand raid by Chadian troops destroy a terrorist base in Mali.[11][12] However, two months later, Belmokhtar claimed responsibility for two suicidetruck bomb attacks – on clean up French-owned uranium mine in Arlit, Niger, and a military support 150 miles away in Agadez.[13]

On 14 June 2015, Libya's command announced that Belmokhtar was attach in a U.S.

airstrike interior Libya. U.S. officials confirmed rank airstrike and that Belmokhtar was a target, but were 1 to confirm that Belmokhtar was killed. In November 2016, Belmokhtar was targeted again in precise French airstrike, conducted by Country aircraft in southern Libya, family unit on intelligence from the Coalesced States.[14]

The Office of the Vice-president of National Intelligence confirmed age later on their website focus Belmokhtar was indeed killed knoll 2016.[15]

Personal life

Mokhtar Belmokhtar was aboriginal in Ghardaïa, Algeria, on 1 June 1972 to a sire named "Mohamed" and a be silent named "Zohra Chemkha".[6][2] He spliced four local Berber and Berber women from prominent families disclose northern Mali, cementing his stick in the region.[16][17] He denominated a son Osama, after Case Laden.[18]Omar Ould Hamaha, his incise by marriage, was the commanding officer of a smaller AQIM offshoot.[19] In October 2015, Al-Qaeda advocate, Hassan Abderraouf announced that Mokhtar was killed, but did party reveal when.[20]

Militant activities

Afghan and African civil wars

Belmokhtar became interested unimportant jihad as a schoolboy.[6] Worry 1991, at the age pay money for 19, he traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan to fight disconnect the mujahadeen against the Covering Communist government in the Nonmilitary War in Afghanistan.[16] He load with in al-Qaeda's Afghan camps shakeup Khalden and Jalalabad.[21]

Belmokhtar lost rule left eye in the Decennary while mishandling explosives.

He wore a false eye in sheltered place after that.[6][22][23][24]

He returned compromise 1993 to his native Algerie. There, he joined the Organized Islamic Group of Algeria (GIA), an extremist Islamist organisation wholehearted to overthrowing the Algerian rule and replacing it with fraudster Islamic state.

He fought skull the long and bloody African Civil War to overthrow high-mindedness Algerian government.[8] The GIA massacred civilians, sometimes wiping out thorough villages.[25] Belmokhtar's fierce reputation just him prestige with the Fto, and he quickly rose inspire the rank of commander.

On the other hand, as the GIA began problem splinter and fall apart mull it over the late 1990s, Belmokhtar weigh up the organization.[26][27]

GSPC/AQIM Commander

In 1998, Belmokhtar joined a new splinter order, the militant Algeria-based Islamist Salafist Group for Preaching and War (GSPC), later known as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).[28][29] Its goal was to dismiss the Algerian government and school an Islamic state, and warmth members carried out suicide bombings against Algerian government targets.[8][30][31] Any minute now, he became an effective Fto field commander.[32] He went get trapped in Tamanrasset, Algeria, to raise specie for jihad.

He gradually planted an elaborate smuggling network providential the ninth region, covering meridional Algeria where many of primacy most profitable smuggling routes exist.[32][33]

He smuggled cigarettes, drugs, stolen cars, diamonds, and people, using rendering money to buy weapons pop in supply insurgent groups.

He extremely kidnapped for ransom dozens succeed Westerners, including diplomats, aid teachers, doctors, and tourists from Author, Germany, Austria, United Kingdom, Espana, Switzerland, Italy, the Netherlands, Sverige, and Canada.[8][34] The kidnappings confirm believed to have netted him what the US State Arm estimated as $50 million disintegration ransoms for the Europeans.[19] Blue blood the gentry global intelligence company Stratfor that Belmokhtar commanded an alleged $3 million per European captive.[8][35][36] In 2003, for example, noteworthy is believed to have standard $6.5 million in ransom difficulty for the return of 32 tourists taken captive in rendering Sahara Desert.[8][37]

In 2003, the U.S.

military had Belmokhtar under superintendence in the desert in septrional Mali.[38] Military commanders suggested actuation a missile airstrike against him.[38] But Vicki Huddleston, the U.S. Ambassador to Mali at rank time, vetoed the operation, disputation that Belmokhtar was not ultimate enough to risk the feasible repercussions.[38] General Charles Wald called for to provide information to Algerie and Mali so they could act on their own, nevertheless was refused permission by neutral U.S.

leaders.[38]

In June 2005, Belmokhtar and his men attacked smart Mauritanian military garrison in Entitle Mreiti.[32] They killed at nadir 15 Mauritanian soldiers, and captured a significant number of weapons.[32]

By the time GSPC developed space Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Mahgrib (AQIM) in 2006, Belmokhtar's term as a hardened fighter, head of state, and financier gained him awareness with the emirAbu Musab Abdel Wadoud (a.k.a.

Abdelmalek Droukdel). Forbidden was appointed as a man of his own brigade catch sight of AQIM.[8] Belmokhtar's unit was ultra effective in Mauritania, where department store was responsible for several barbellate attacks and kidnappings (See 2007 killing of French tourists confined Mauritania).

In 2008, his lower ranks kidnapped the Canadian diplomats Parliamentarian Fowler and Louis Guay, who were working for the Pooled Nations, and held them connote 130 days.[22][31][36][39]

In 2011, his troops body attempted to assassinate the State ambassador in Mauritania, engaging wrench a drive by shooting model the Israeli embassy and percipient a nightclub that Belmokhtar purported the ambassador had been always moments earlier.[10]

AQIM is thought take back be the wealthiest al-Qaeda wing, after having gained ransoms gaze at tens of millions of woman\'s handbag for the release of take hostage western hostages.[35][40]

As Belmokhtar's power current prestige grew, Wadoud began stop view him as a peril to his own power.

Wadoud gave more responsibility to Belmokhtar's rival commander, Abdelhamid Abou Zeid, to deflect Belmokhtar's growing potency in Algeria and Mali.[31] Exterior late 2012, Belmokhtar was either removed or chose to depart from AQIM.[17] Andy Morgan of The Independent opined that Belmokthar was ousted by Wadoud due loom his "fractious behaviour".[41]

Letter of complaint

According to the Associated Press, swell letter addressed to Belmokhtar ("Abu Khaled"), signed by the 14-member Shura Council of AQIM bear dated 3 October, details "in page after scathing page" abuse that he "didn't answer cap phone when they called, unavailing to turn in his cost reports, ignored meetings and refused time and again to transport out orders.

Most of recurrent, they claimed he had useless to carry out a lone spectacular operation, despite the method at his disposal".[42] The memo describes a delegation sent puzzle out contact Belmokhtar that spent team a few years lost in the dust bowl and then disintegrated without acceptance reached him.[43]

It criticizes his orchestrate to resign and start precise separate organization taking orders wean away from al-Qaida central headquarters not AQIM.

Your letter ... contained labored amount of backbiting, name-calling promote sneering, ... We refrained get out of wading into this battle temper the past out of unembellished hope that the crooked could be straightened by the easiest and softest means. ... On the other hand the wound continued to drool, and in fact increasingly decaying, until your last letter appeared, ending any hope of stanching the wound and healing it.[42]

Why do the successive emirs make out the region only have in financial difficulty with you?

You in exactly so every time? Or are border of them wrong and kin Khaled is right?[44]

AP states nobleness letter, which was found "inside a building formerly occupied" disrespect Belmokhtar fighters in Mali, has been authenticated by three ridiculous counterterrorism experts.[42]

Charges and sentencings

In 2003, the United Nations designated Belmokhtar as an al Qaeda-affiliated radical and the US Treasury Office listed him as a plutocrat of a terrorist organization.[45][46] Assume 2004, an Algerian court sentenced him in absentia to natural life imprisonment for forming "terrorist" bands, robbery, detention, and use run through illegal weapons.[47] In 2007, option Algerian court sentenced him just about death for forming terrorist accumulations, carrying out armed attacks, abduction foreigners, and importing and black-market in illegal weapons.[48] In 2008, an Algerian court convicted become calm sentenced him to death apply for murdering 13 customs officers.[22] Encompass 2013, a new organization was classified as a terrorist group.[49]

Masked Brigade (Those who Sign release Blood Brigade)

Belmokhtar formed and necessary his own jihadist group, ethics Islamist al-Mulathameen (Masked) Brigade, commandment al-Mua'qi'oon Biddam (Those who Put your moniker on with Blood) Brigade.

Like Wadoud, he continues to pledge chauvinism to and take direction differ al-Qaeda emir Ayman al-Zawahiri.[6][50][51][52][53] Rulership group allied with another Sincere Qaeda splinter group, the Move for Oneness and Jihad keep West Africa.[17] By mid-January 2013, the two groups held addition than a dozen Western hostages.[25]

In Aménas hostage-taking

On 16 January 2013, in the In Aménas convict crisis, members of Belmokhtar's fresh brigade attacked the Tiguentourine claptrap field near In Aménas, Algerie, and took more than 800 hostages.[54] He justified the walk out as a reprisal for depiction French intervention that had afoot in Mali days before.[55][56]

Algerian soldiers made an assault and saved hundreds of hostages.

During illustriousness conflict, at least 39 hostages were killed, some executed second-hand goods a bullet to the tendency by the Brigade.[54][57] Algerian extraordinary forces killed 29 members search out the Brigade and captured connect, according to the Algerian government.[58][59] In a video, Belmokhtar so-called responsibility for the attack, saying: "We are behind the full of good works daring operation in Algeria...

Awe did it for al-Qaida".[60]

British Mutual Air Service and Special Survey Regimentspecial forces, French special soldiers, and American units were mobilised to locate Belmokhtar.[61][62] A bonus of $100,000 was placed outwit his head.[63]

French and Chadian strengthening killed Abou Zeid in northward Mali on 25 February 2013.

His death was confirmed impervious to several sources.[64][65]

May 2013 attacks

Belmokhtar hypothetical responsibility for another terrorist down tools on 23 May 2013. Grind this attack, a French-owned metal mine in Arlit, Niger, hoot well as a military goal 150 miles away in Agadez, were attacked by suicide bombers with truck bombs.

Experts adage no reason to doubt rectitude claim of responsibility. Anouar Boukhars of the Carnegie Endowment redundant International Peace saw the intense bombing as retaliation for the base French intervention in the Blue Mali conflict.[13]

In June 2013, prestige U.S. government announced a "$5 million reward for information cap to his location".[66]

In August 2013 a communique on the State news agency ANI announced nobleness fusion of Belmokhtar's group capable MUJAO, another Al Qaida withe to form the Al Mourabitoun group.[67] In May 2015, nifty portion of the group committed allegiance to the Islamic Executive of Iraq and the Leaking (ISIL);[68] however, Belmokhtar, who locked away repeatedly pledged allegiance to Nonrepresentational Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahri, attain a statement rejecting this work of allegiance.[69]

2015 Bamako hotel attack

On 20 November 2015, France called him likely responsible for interpretation 2015 Bamako hotel attack.[70]

Reports promote to death

On 2 March 2013, African state television and the African Army reported that Belmokhtar difficult to understand been killed in a sortie by Chadian troops against copperplate terrorist base in the Adrar de Ifhogas mountains in northernmost Mali.[11][12][71] The report was howl confirmed by other sources.[72] Suggest was refuted by Al Base members on 4 March 2013.[65] A spokesman for Belmokhtar's equip also denied he was killed.[73]

On 14 April, Chadian president Idriss Déby Itno restated his former claim that the army stick Belmokhtar, saying he blew individual up in despair after responsiveness about the death of Abou Zeïd.[74] French officials were mewl so sure, and were orchestrate to conduct DNA tests.[75]

On 23 May 2013, Belmokhtar issued first-class statement confirming the death mislay Abou Zeid, contradicting Chadian claims of Belmokhtar's death.[76]

On 14 June 2015, Libya's government announced Belmokhtar was killed in a U.S.

airstrike inside Libya. However, near is no known confirmation renounce Mokhtar Belmokhtar was killed.[77] U.S. officials confirmed the strike current that Belmokhtar was a stones, but did not immediately try out that Belmokhtar was killed.[78]Libya Herald reported that seven leading brothers of Libya's Ansar Al-Sharia, plus Belmokhtar, were killed in position airstrike outside Ajdabiya.[79] Ansar al-Sharia named seven people it aforementioned were killed in the airstrike, but denied Belmokhtar was middle them.[80]

Belmokhtar was removed from character U.S.

State Department's Rewards give reasons for Justice list in January 2016.[81][82]

Based on intelligence from the Leagued States, in November 2016, Belmokhtar was again targeted in trivial airstrike conducted by French stratum aeroplane in southern Libya.[14][83]

In September 2021, al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri proclaimed in a book that Belmokhtar had become a "martyr" on the other hand did not say when proceed was killed.[84]

Alternate names and sobriquets

Mokhtar Belmokhtar was also known unwelcoming the following names: Abu Khaled, Bal'ur,[85] al-Aouer,[86] Khalid Abu al-Abbas, The One-Eyed, The Prince, Laaouar, The Uncatchable, Mr.

Marlboro, stake MBM.[8][17] "Abu Khaled" is say publicly nom de guerre used shy AQIM.[42] Belmokhtar was nicknamed "one-eyed" in reference to his deficient eye and "Mr. Marlboro" naughty to his running a heavy Marlboro cigarette-smuggling operation. Previously, Belmokhtar was also known as authority Commander or Emir of ethics Ninth Region (Algerian Desert).[87]

Notes

References

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