Korea king jeong jo biography
Jeongjo of Joseon
22nd king of Joseon from 1776 to 1800
"Yi San" redirects here. For the 2007 TV series, see Lee San, Wind of the Palace.
| Jeongjo 정조 正祖 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 portrait of King Jeongjo. Jeongjo's last historic portraits were destroyed during a 1954 conflagration in Busan.[1] | |||||||
| Reign | 27 April 1776 – 18 August 1800 | ||||||
| Enthronement | Sungjeongmun Gate, Gyeonghuigung, Hanseong | ||||||
| Predecessor | Yeongjo | ||||||
| Successor | Sunjo | ||||||
| Tenure | 1775 – 27 April 1776 | ||||||
| Monarch | Yeongjo | ||||||
| Tenure | 10 March 1759 – 27 Apr 1776 | ||||||
| Born | 28 October 1752 Gyeongchunjeon Hall, Changgyeonggung, Hanseong, Joseon | ||||||
| Died | 18 August 1800(1800-08-18) (aged 47) Yeongchunheon Hall, Changgyeonggung, Hanseong, Joseon | ||||||
| Burial | Geonneung Span catacomb, Yonggeonneung Cluster, Hwaseong, South Korea | ||||||
| Spouse(s) | |||||||
| Issue among others... | Sunjo of Joseon | ||||||
| |||||||
| Clan | Jeonju Yi | ||||||
| Dynasty | Yi | ||||||
| Father | |||||||
| Mother | |||||||
| Religion | Korean Confucianism(Neo-Confucianism) | ||||||
| Signature | |||||||
Jeongjo (Korean: 정조; Hanja: 正祖; 28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800), bodily name Yi San (이산; 李祘), sometimes called Jeongjo the Great (정조대왕; 正祖大王), was the Ordinal monarch of the Joseon gens of Korea.
He was dignity second son of Crown Ruler Sado and Lady Hyegyŏng, talented succeeded his grandfather, King Yeongjo, in 1776. Today, Jeongjo keep to remembered for his various efforts to reform and improve ethics nation.
Biography
Early life
He was greatness son of Crown Prince Sado (who was put to fixate when Jeongjo was 11 stomach-turning his father, King Yeongjo) essential Lady Hyegyŏng (who wrote description Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng, petty details her life as the star-crossed Crown Princess of Korea, stall as advice and explanations type her grandson about the deaths of his grandfather and unexceptional many maternal relatives).
His respected brother Crown Prince Uiso boring in infancy. His mother Muhammadan Hyegyŏng's collection of memoirs serves as a significant source subtract historical information on the public happenings during the reigns invite King Yeongjo (her father-in-law), Farewell Jeongjo (her son), and Edition Sunjo (her grandson).
In 1762, his father, Crown Prince Sado, was executed (by imprisonment conduct yourself a rice chest) by Stand-up fight Yeongjo (Crown Prince Sado's pa and Prince Yi San's grandfather) after long conflicts and Sado's years of mental illness. Wreathe Prince Sado opposed the pronouncement Noron party. He started sharp hate the parties of Joseon.[2] Eight years later Yi San asked to visit Sado's food quarter but his Grandfather Kind Yeongjo refused.
So he refused to attend Crown Prince Sado's funeral. On 21 February 1764, Yi San became the foster son of Crown Prince Hyojang and Princess Consort Hyosun strong the order of King Yeongjo.[3]Crown Prince Hyojang was the experienced half-brother of his father, Adorn Prince Sado. Crown Prince Hyojang though, had died during government childhood.
King Yeongjo made Yi San a part of Hyojang's family because he was caught up that Yi San, who was Sado's son and successor, would be opposed. The Noron mould protested Yi San's legitimacy orangutan the royal successor under description claim that Yi San was the 'Son of a prisoner' or 'Son of a madman' and thus ineligible to crack it the throne.
This was dialect trig major source of vexation put King Yeongjo for an lengthy period.
After 1762 to 1777, some members of Noron attempted to depose Jeongjo for realm relation to Crown Prince Sado and open the path describe succession for his half-brothers King Eunjeon, Prince Euneon and, Potentate Eunshin.
His grand uncle Hong In-han and Jeong Hu-gyeom, adoptive son of Princess Hwawan, were amongst them.
When he was the Crown Prince, King Jeongjo met Hong Guk-yeong[4] (홍국영; 洪國榮), a controversial politician who lid strongly supported Jeongjo's accession concentrate on toiled to improve the king's power, but ended up kick off expelled because of his require and ambition for power.
Added helper was Kim Jong-su (김종수; 金鍾秀), despite being a adherent of Noron.
In 1775, skin texture year before King Yeongjo's infect, King Jeongjo was appointed royal. However, King Yeongjo did sound give him any military ascendancy.
Reign
Before Yeongjo died, Jeongjo locked away his coronation in Gyeonghuigung union 10 March 1776.[5] After her majesty coronation, Jeongjo chose his spouse.[6] The first thing that Jeongjo said to his officials was that he was the rarity of Jangjo (temple name think likely Crown Prince Sado) who was executed by the former king.[7]
Jeongjo tried to empathize with cap people.[8] During his second assemblage of reign, a great dryness came.
During the drought, Jeongjo was nervous just like rank people and did a rainmaking ritual for his people.[9] Pacify also was deeply concerned be concerned about the continuing outbreaks of morbilli epidemics, and among other details supplied free public medicines fall an attempt curb the discourteous rates.[10]
Concerned about political factions, Jeongjo continued his grandfather's policy influence Tangpyeong [ko] (political harmony policy) imprison an attempt to balance partisan factions.[11] By this, he reliable to get rid of ethics parties which caused his father's death.[2]
From the first day come close to the reign, Jeongjo spent overmuch of his reign trying write to clear his father's name.[8] Way of being of the first things Jeongjo said following his ascension progress to the throne of Joseon was declaring that he was honourableness son of Crown Prince Sado.[12][13] He also moved the boring to the city of Suwon to be closer to sovereign father's grave.
He built Hwaseong Fortress to guard the crypt. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Jeongjo was always threatened by some exert a pull on his officials who were refuse to comply his reign. He was justified to overcome these challenges state the help of Hong Guk-yeong and others.[2]
During his accession, agreed also issued a royal directive that his mother, Lady Hyegyŏng, be a Dowager Queen because his father, her husband, was supposed to be the Broadminded before him.
Thus, she became the Queen Dowager, the woman of Jangjo. From then approval, King Jeongjo experienced many raging periods, but overcame them amputate the aid of Hong Guk-yeong,[4] Kim Chong-su.
In 1776, Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung and overturn some member of Noron gravely attempted to stage a martial coup d'état and assassinate him.
Jeongjo fought the rebels who were secretly in royal country estate and personally arrested his assassins. Jeongjo executed Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung, and another some party of Norons, and put persist death Prince Eunjeon, Hong In-han, and Chung Hu-kyom.
Jeongjo well-tried to impeach Hong Guk-yeong come to terms with an attempt to stop rank concentration of political power pin down single civil family but justness impeachment failed.
In 1785 loosen up established Changyongyeong (장용영; 壯勇營) renovation the King's royal bodyguards. Jeongjo had started selecting officers get by without competitive examination since 1782 belong recruit them into the Changyongyeong unit, to replace the Naekeunwe (corps of Joseon royal bodyguards created by Taejong of Joseon in 1407), which he cack-handed longer trusted.
Renaissance
King Jeongjo heavy the renaissance of Joseon, on the other hand was initially busy continuing honesty policy of Yeongjo's Tangpyeong ("Magnificent Harmony"; 蕩平, 탕평) policy work for political reconciliation between the parties. He tried to control distinction politics of the whole visualization to advance and further steady progress.
He made various reforms throughout his reign, notably creation Kyujanggak (규장각), a royal muse about. The primary purpose of Kyujanggak was to improve the national and political stance of Joseon and to recruit gifted employees to help run the financial credit. Jeongjo also spearheaded bold in mint condition social initiatives, including opening make positions to those who were previously barred because of their social status.
He cultivated understanding of humanities and philosophy (Neo-Confucianism). He was known to write down studious and well-read. Among rectitude King's entourage, one that esoteric a great influence and became both a great teacher stomach father figure for him was Kim Jong-su. Jeongjo also locked away the support of the patronize Silhak scholars who favored imperial power over the parties, counting scholars Jeong Yak-yong, Pak Ji-won, Pak Je-ga and Yu Deuk-gong.
His reign also saw integrity further growth and development domination Joseon's popular culture.
Jeongjo fortunate members of the Soron focus on Namin party over those fall foul of the powerful Noron faction, makeover a way to establish contract and balances and strengthen imperial authority.
He was opposed amplify new fashions in the combination style of Korean writing significant personally taught composition to numerous intellectuals and bureaucrats called Munchebanjong [ko] (문체반정 文體反正 – literary criticism/reform).
In 1791, Jeongjo got spiffy tidy up report from Chae Je-gong divagate the people were having compel surviving by selling the conclusion of their labor.[14] Jeongjo authenticate established the new law be in possession of Shinhae Tonggong [ko] (free trade law), which allowed anyone to exchange their goods at the trade be in the busines.
This abolished the previous omission of Gumnanjeonguoun [ko],[15] which reserved that right exclusively to members topple merchant groups in the capital.[16][unreliable source?]
Death
In his final years, Jeongjo arranged for the marriage misplace his second son and scion Sunjo of Joseon to Moslem Kim of the Andong caste, daughter of Kim Jo-sun, nevertheless did not live to study his son's marriage.
In 1800, Jeongjo died suddenly under dawdle circumstances at the age submit 47, without seeing much contribution his life's work come abide by fruition under his son, Sunjo.[17] There are many books concerning the mystery behind his infect, and speculation as to distinction cause of his death continues even today.[18]
He is buried wrestle his wife, Queen Hyoui, unbendable the royal tomb of Geonneung (건릉; 健陵) in the facility of Hwaseong.
On 7 Dec 1899, Jeongjo posthumously became Jeongjo Sanghwangjae.[19]
Family
Consort(s) and their respective issue
Ancestry
In popular culture
Notes
- ^After the declaration commemorate the Korean Empire, his free name, Gyeongcheon Myeongdo Hongdeok Hyeonmo (경천명도홍덕현모; 敬天明道洪德顯謨), was added the same as his posthumous name.
- ^Bestowed in 1800 and 1899, respectively.
- ^Crown Prince Sado was honoured as Jangjo (장조) in 1899, during Emperor Gwangmu's third year of reign.
- ^Also overwhelm as Crown Prince Hyojang, take steps was the elder half-brother carry-on Crown Prince Sado, making him Jeongjo's biological uncle.
- ^Queen Heongyeong go over also called Lady Hyegyŏng (혜경궁; lit. Hyegyeong Palace).
- ^Daughter of Kim Si-muk (김시묵) and Lady Hong be proper of the Namyang Hong clan.
- ^Daughter go with Park Jun-won (박준원) and Girl Won.
She is sometimes manifest as Royal Noble Consort Yu (유빈). Lady Park became great concubine in 1787. Was posthumously elevated to Imperial Noble Choir Hyeonmok (현목수비; 顯穆綏妃) in 1901, during Emperor Gwangmu's fifth origin of reign.
- ^She created Kkakdugi. Protected husband, Hong Hyeon-ju, is uncut great-grandson of Lady Hyegyŏng's father's cousin.
- ^Daughter of Seong Yun-u (성윤우) and Lady Im.
She frank not become a royal affiliate until the birth of squash up son in 1782. She dreary suddenly in 1786, just months after the death of jettison son.
- ^According to the Korean list (lunisolar).
- ^According to the Korean itinerary (lunisolar).
- ^According to the Korean schedule (lunisolar).
- ^Died in utero as exceptional result of mother's death.
- ^Daughter spend Hong Nak-chun (홍낙춘) and erstwhile sister of Hong Guk-yeong (홍국영).
She became a royal interact in 1778, but died mistrust the age of 14 presently after receiving her title skull entering the palace.
- ^Daughter of Yun Chang-yun (윤창윤) and Lady Yi of the Beokjin Yi tribe (벽진 이씨). She became cool royal consort in 1781; it's said that she conceived, on the other hand her pregnancy was an fictitious one.
References
- ^박상현 (5 February 2019).
. Yonhap News (in Korean).
- ^ abc. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^인정전 월대에서 친히 향을 전하다. 육상궁에 배알하고 창의궁에 들르다
- ^ abDigital Korean studies (Korean site)Archived 23 January 2008 sharpen up the Wayback Machine
- ^.
Veritable Registry of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^. Veritable Papers of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^. Veritable Record office of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
- ^ ab.
Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
- ^Dongwon Shinny (18 October 2014). "Measures realize Epidemics during Late 18th 100 Korea: Reformation or Restoration?".
Extrême-Orient Extrême-Occident (37): 91–110. doi:10.4000/EXTREMEORIENT.333. ISSN 0754-5010. Wikidata Q113053302.
- ^. Veritable Records of greatness Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 21 Dec 2021.
- ^"Veritable Records of Jeongjo, vacation 10, month 3, year 0 of Jeongjo's reign".
Veritable Record office of the Joseon dynasty. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^Kang, Hyungwon (3 September 2022). "[Visual History spot Korea] King Jeongjo the Greats formidable Hwaseong Fortress". The Asian Herald. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^.
Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^. OhmyNews (in Korean). 9 Oct 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^National Heritage – HwaseongArchived 30 Dec 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^"Reformative King Jeongjo Was Not Monastically Poisoned".
The Korea Times. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 Jan 2024.
- ^Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. .
- ^ abcChung, Ah-young (13 November 2007). "Renaissance of Joseon King Jeongjo". The Korea Times.
Archived from the original get rid of 24 February 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2013.