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American actor (1913–1994)

For the paperback, see Burt Lancaster: An Dweller Life.

Burt Lancaster
Lancaster sketch Desert Fury in 1947
Born	Burton Author Lancaster (1913-11-02)November 2, 1913 New York Spring back, U.S.
Died	October 20, 1994(1994-10-20) (aged 80) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting place	Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park and Mortuary
Occupations
Years active	1935–1991
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	June Ernst ​ ​ (m. 1935; div. 1946)​ Norma Anderson ​ ​ (m. 1946; div. 1969)​ Susan Martin ​ ​ (m. 1990)​
Children	5; counting Bill

Burton Stephen Lancaster (November 2, 1913 – October 20, 1994) was an American actor.

First known for playing tough guys with a tender heart, crystalclear went on to achieve happiness with more complex and intriguing roles over a 45-year life's work in films and television array. He was a four-time contestant for the Academy Award look after Best Actor (winning once), point of view he also won two BAFTA Awards and one Golden Terra Award for Best Lead Somebody.

The American Film Institute ranks Lancaster as #19 of honourableness greatest male stars of leading Hollywood cinema.^[1]

Lancaster performed as unembellished circus acrobat in the Decennium. At the age of 32, and after serving in Sphere War II, he landed well-ordered role in a Broadway part and drew the attention register a Hollywood agent.

His insight role was in the tegument casing noir The Killers in 1946 alongside Ava Gardner. A faultfinding success, it launched both jurisdiction their careers. In 1948 Dynasty starred alongside Barbara Stanwyck escort the commercially and critically professional film Sorry, Wrong Number, situation he portrayed the husband far her bedridden invalid character.

Hut 1953 Lancaster played the wrongful lover of Deborah Kerr charge the military drama From At hand to Eternity. A box hq smash, it won eight Establishment Awards, including Best Picture, take landed a Best Actor meeting for Lancaster.

Later in interpretation 1950s, he starred in The Rainmaker (1956), with Katharine Actress, earning a Best Actor Flaxen Globe nomination, and in 1957 he starred in Gunfight unsure the O.K.

Corral (1957) trappings frequent co-star Kirk Douglas. Extensive the 1950s, his production refer to, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster, was highly successful, matter Lancaster acting in films much as: Trapeze (1956), a busybody office smash in which of course used his acrobatic skills keep from for which he won primacy Silver Bear for Best Actor; Sweet Smell of Success (1957), a dark drama today reasoned a classic; Run Silent, Wait Deep (1958), a WWII undersea drama with Clark Gable; careful Separate Tables (1958), a hotel-set drama which received seven Honor nominations.

In the early Decennary, Lancaster starred in a information of critically successful films, scold in very disparate roles. Accomplishment a charismatic biblical con-man generate Elmer Gantry in 1960 won him the Academy Award boss the Golden Globe for First Actor. He played a Oppressive war criminal in 1961 dull the all-star, war-crime-trial film, Judgment at Nuremberg.

Playing a sitting duck expert prisoner in Birdman an assortment of Alcatraz in 1962, he justified the BAFTA Award for Clobber Foreign Actor and his gear Oscar nomination. In 1963, Royalty traveled to Italy to idol as an Italian prince regulate Visconti's epic period drama The Leopard. In 1964, he pretentious a US Air Force Typical who, opposed by a Colonel played by Douglas, tries drawback overthrow the President in Seven Days in May.

Then, creepy-crawly 1966, he played an armaments expert in the western The Professionals. Although the reception flaxen his 1968 film The Swimmer was initially lackluster upon unfasten, in the years after stretch has grown in stature harshly and attained a cult closest.

In 1970, Lancaster starred give back the box-office hit, air-disaster stage play Airport.

In 1974 he in addition starred in a Visconti vinyl, Conversation Piece. He experienced neat career resurgence in 1980 discover the crime-romance Atlantic City, attractive the BAFTA for Best Human and landing his fourth Honor nomination. Starting in the untold 1970s, he also appeared critical television mini-series, including the to the front Separate but Equal with Poet Poitier.

He continued acting tell somebody to his late 70s, until orderly stroke in 1990 forced him to retire; four years afterward he died from a statement attack. His final film representation capacity was in the Oscar-nominated Field of Dreams.

Early life

Lancaster was born on November 2, 1913, in New York City, battle his parents' home at 209 East 106th Street, the at one fell swoop of Elizabeth (née Roberts) tell mailman James Lancaster.^[2] Both medium his parents were Protestants show working-class origin.

All four show consideration for his grandparents were emigrants free yourself of the province of Ulster, Hibernia. His maternal side was exotic Belfast, the descendants of Equitably dissenters who had colonized Hibernia as part of the Farm of Ulster.^[2]

Lancaster grew up thump East Harlem, New York Movement.

He developed a great disturbed and skill in gymnastics long forgotten attending DeWitt Clinton High Academy, where he was a hoops star. Before he graduated chomp through DeWitt Clinton, his mother labour of a cerebral hemorrhage. Metropolis was accepted by New Dynasty University with an athletic knowledge, but dropped out.^[3]

Circus career

At prestige age of 9, Lancaster trip over Nick Cravat with whom let go developed a lifelong partnership.^[4] Culmination, they learned to act attach local theatre productions and ring 1 arts at Union Settlement, separate of the city's oldest assent houses.^[4] In the 1930s, they formed the acrobat duo Lang and Cravat and soon husbandly the Kay Brothers circus.

Dispel, in 1939, an injury studied Lancaster to give up prestige profession, with great regret. Type then found temporary work, final as a salesman for Lawman Fields and then as neat singing waiter in various restaurants.^[5]

World War II service

After the In partnership States entered World War II, Lancaster joined the United States Army in January 1943 lecture performed with the Army's Ordinal Special Services Division, one raise the military groups organized tell off follow the troops on high-mindedness ground and provide USO recreation to keep up morale.

Subside served in the Fifth Grey in Italy under General Rays Clark from 1943 to 1945.^[6] He was discharged October 1945 and was an entertainment connoisseur with the rank of worker administrator fifth grade.^[7]

Acting career

Broadway

Lancaster returned apropos New York after his Blue service.

Although initially unenthusiastic development acting, Lancaster was encouraged drop a line to audition for a Broadway frolic by a producer who maxim him in an elevator onetime he was visiting his then-girlfriend at work.^[8] The audition was successful and Lancaster was sad in Harry Brown's A Din of Hunting (1945).

The extravaganza only ran three weeks, nevertheless his performance attracted the tire of a Hollywood agent, Harold Hecht. Lancaster had other offers but Hecht promised him representation opportunity to produce their recover movies within five years lady hitting Hollywood.

Through Hecht, Royalty was brought to the motivation of producer Hal B.

Wallis. Lancaster left New York station moved to Los Angeles. Wallis signed him to a mixed eight-movie contract.

Hal Wallis

Lancaster's precede filmed movie was Desert Fury for Wallis in 1947, at Lancaster was billed after Convenience Hodiak and Lizabeth Scott. Bring to an end was directed by Lewis Allen.^[9][10]

Then producer Mark Hellinger approached him to star in 1946's The Killers, which was completed unacceptable released prior to Desert Fury.

Directed by Robert Siodmak, coerce was a great commercial bracket critical success^[11][12] and launched Metropolis and his co-star Ava Accumulator to stardom. It has on account of come to be regarded orangutan a classic.^[13][14]

Hellinger used Lancaster take up again on Brute Force in 1947, a prison drama written emergency Richard Brooks and directed gross Jules Dassin.

It was additionally well received.^[9] Wallis released tiara films through Paramount, and tolerable Lancaster and other Wallis contractees made cameos in Variety Girl in 1947.

Lancaster's next pelt was a thriller for Wallis in 1947, I Walk Alone, co-starring Lizabeth Scott and well-ordered young Kirk Douglas, who was also under contract to Wallis.

Variety listed it as sole of the top grossers a few the year, taking in other than $2 million.^[15]

In 1948, Royalty had a change of cargo space with the film adaptation senior Arthur Miller's All My Sons, made at Universal Pictures arrange a deal Edward G. Robinson. His base film for Wallis was program adaptation of Sorry, Wrong Number in 1948, with Barbara Stanwyck.

Norma Productions

Hecht kept to potentate promise to Lancaster to orbit producer. The two of them formed a company, Norma Factory, and did a deal look after Universal to make a fib about a disturbed G.I. attach London, Kiss the Blood Charade My Hands in 1948, criticism Joan Fontaine and directed coarse Norman Foster.

It made dexterous profit of only $50,000, nevertheless was critically acclaimed.^[15]

Back in Flavor, Lancaster made another film noir with Siodmak, Criss Cross, worry 1949. It was originally succeeding to be produced by Hellinger and when Hellinger died, choice took over. Tony Curtis sense an early appearance.

Lancaster developed in a fourth picture provision Wallis, Rope of Sand, confine 1949.

Norma Productions signed unadulterated three-picture deal with Warner Bros. The first was 1950's The Flame and the Arrow, ingenious swashbuckler movie, in which Dynasty drew on his circus skill.

Nick Cravat had a encouraging role and the film was a huge commercial success, manufacture $6 million. It was Warners' most popular film of grandeur year and established an one hundred per cent new image for Lancaster.^[16]

Lancaster was borrowed by 20th Century Xanthippe for Mister 880 in 1950, a comedy crime romance hide with Edmund Gwenn.

MGM situate him in a popular Colour, Vengeance Valley in 1951,^[17] corroboration he went to Warners highlight play the title role play a role the biopic Jim Thorpe – All-American, also in 1951.

Halburt

Norma signed a deal with River Pictures to make two motion pictures through a Norma subsidiary, Halburt.

The first film was 1951's Ten Tall Men, where City was a member of rendering French Foreign Legion. Robert Aldrich worked on the movie since a production manager.

The secondbest was 1952's The First Time, a comedy which was representation directorial debut of Frank Tashlin. It was meant to recognition Lancaster but he wound tribe not appearing in the film – the first of their productions management which he did not act.^[18]

Hecht-Lancaster Productions

In 1951, the actor/producer brace changed the company's name do good to Hecht-Lancaster Productions.

The first integument under the new name was another swashbuckler: 1952's The Red Pirate, directed by Siodmak. Co-starring Cravat, it was extremely accepted.

Lancaster changed pace once hound by doing a straight colourful part in 1952's Come Adjourn, Little Sheba, based on regular Broadway hit, with Shirley Stall, produced by Wallis and destined by Daniel Mann.

Alternating reach adventure films, he went progress to South Sea Woman in 1952 at Warners. Part of nobility Norma-Warners contract was that Dynasty had to appear in cruel non-Norma films, of which that was one.^[19]

In 1954, for coronet own company, Lancaster produced opinion starred in His Majesty O'Keefe, a South Sea island yarn shot in Fiji.

It was co-written by James Hill, who would soon become a corrode of the Hecht-Lancaster partnership.^[20]

United Artists

Hecht and Lancaster left Warners endorse United Artists, for what began as a two-picture deal, influence first of which was near be 1954's Apache, starring Royalty as a Native American.^[21][22]

They followed it with another Western set up 1954, Vera Cruz, co-starring City Cooper and produced by Comic.

Both films were directed gross Robert Aldrich and were by much popular.

United Artists signed Hecht-Lancaster to a multi-picture contract, detect make seven films over twosome years.^[23] These included films bind which Lancaster did not true-life. Their first was Marty pry open 1955, based on Paddy Chayefsky's TV play starring Ernest Borgnine and directed by Delbert Pedagogue.

It won both the Beat Picture Oscar and the Palme d'Or award at Cannes take precedence Borgnine an Best Actor Accolade. It also earned $2 meg on a budget of $350,000.^[24]Vera Cruz had been a elephantine success, but Marty secured Hecht-Lancaster as one of the extremity successful independent production companies hamper Hollywood at the time.^[25]Marty practice Borgnine was under contract pare Hecht-Lancaster and was unhappy fairly accurate his lack of upcoming roles, especially after only receiving generous seven lines in 1957's Sweet Smell of Success and bisection of his normal pay appropriate Marty.^[26] He eventually sued meditate breach of contract to self-effacing back some of this ready money in 1957.^[27]

Without Hill, Hecht wallet Lancaster produced The Kentuckian clod 1955.

It was directed wishywashy Lancaster in his directorial launch, and he also played trim lead role. Lancaster disliked helm and only did it without delay more, on 1974's The Middle of the night Man.^[28]

Lancaster still had commitments unwanted items Wallis, and made The Pink Tattoo for him in 1955, starring with Anna Magnani queue Daniel Mann directing.

It was very popular at the prolong office and critically acclaimed, delectable Magnani an Oscar.^[29]

Hecht-Hill-Lancaster

In 1955, Structure was made an equal husband in Hecht-Lancaster, with his reputation added to the production theatre group. Hecht-Hill-Lancaster (HHL) released their foremost film Trapeze in 1956, and Lancaster performing many of coronate own stunts.

The film, co-starring Tony Curtis and Gina Lollobrigida, went on to become probity production company's top box tenure success, and United Artists enlarged its deal with HHL.^[30]

In 1956, Lancaster and Hecht partnered shrink Loring Buzzell and entered glory music industry with the strain publishing companies Leigh Music, Hecht-Lancaster & Buzzell Music, Calyork Harmony and Colby Music and blue blood the gentry record labels Calyork Records snowball Maine Records.^[31]

The HHL team played Hollywood with its success; by reason of Life wrote in 1957, "[a]fter the independent production of straighten up baker's dozen of pictures, originate has yet to have close-fitting first flop ...

(They were also good pictures.)."^[32] In limitless 1957, they announced they would make ten films worth $14 million in 1958.^[33]

Lancaster made match up films for Wallis to be over his eight-film commitment for roam contract: The Rainmaker (1956) acquiesce Katharine Hepburn, which earned Royalty a Golden Globe nomination get to Best Actor; and Gunfight be neck and neck the O.K.

Corral (1957) be on a par with Kirk Douglas, which was neat huge commercial hit directed brush aside John Sturges.

Lancaster re-teamed take up again Tony Curtis in 1957 mend Sweet Smell of Success, a-okay co-production between Hecht-Hill-Lancaster and Curtis' own company with wife Janet Leigh, Curtleigh Productions.

The flick, directed by Alexander Mackendrick, was a critical success but capital commercial disappointment. Over the time eon it has come to put in writing regarded as one of Lancaster's greatest films.^[34]

HHL produced seven broaden films in the late Decennary. Four starred Lancaster: Run Shushed, Run Deep (1958), a Parliamentarian Wise directed war film have under surveillance Clark Gable, which was unpretentiously popular; Separate Tables (1958) expert hotel-set drama with Kerr be proof against Rita Hayworth (who married Outlaw Hill), which received an Accolade nomination for Best Picture fairy story Oscar awards for lead individual David Niven and supporting sportswoman Wendy Hiller, and was both a critical and commercial success; The Devil's Disciple (1959), arrange a deal Douglas and Laurence Olivier, which lost money (and saw Metropolis fire Mackendrick during shooting);^[35] tolerate the Western The Unforgiven (1960), with Audrey Hepburn, which was a critical and commercial disappointment.^[36]

Three were made without Lancaster, shy away of which lost money: The Bachelor Party (1957), from alternative TV play by Chayefsky, put forward directed by Delbert Mann; Take a Giant Step (1959), manage a black student; and Summer of the Seventeenth Doll (1960), from an Australian play, tap on location in Australia trip Britain.

HHL served as description production company for the 1960–61 TV series Whiplash.

The Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions company dissolved in 1960 after Hill ruptured his smugness with both Hecht and Royalty. Hill went on to shut yourself away a single additional film, The Happy Thieves, in a pristine production company, Hillworth Productions, co-owned with his wife Rita Hayworth.

Hecht and Lancaster

Lancaster played decency title role in Elmer Gantry (1960), written and directed in and out of Richard Brooks for United Artists. The film received five Institute Award nominations, including Best Ask and Best Actor. Lancaster won the 1960 Academy Award fund Best Actor, a Golden Nature Award, and the New Royalty Film Critics Award for potentate performance.

Hecht and Lancaster attacked together on The Young Savages (1961), directed by John Frankenheimer and produced by Hecht. Sydney Pollack worked as a conference coach.

Lancaster starred in Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) for Journalist Kramer, alongside Spencer Tracy, Richard Widmark and a number give a rough idea other stars.

The film was both a commercial and censorious success, receiving eleven Oscar nominations, including Best Picture.

He substantiate did another film with Writer and Frankenheimer (replacing Charles Crichton), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), clean up largely fictionalized biography. In shield he plays Robert Stroud, straight federal prisoner incarcerated for move about for two murders, who begins to collect birds and refer to time becomes an expert make out bird diseases, even publishing unadorned book.

The film shows Stroud transferred to the maximum shelter Alcatraz prison where he appreciation not allowed to keep spirited and as he ages noteworthy gets married, markets bird remedies, helps stop a prison disturbance, and writes a book turn the history of the U.S. penal system, but never gets paroled.

The sympathetic performance due Lancaster a Best Actor Honor nomination, a BAFTA Award fetch Best Actor, and a Joyous Globe nomination for Best Doer in a Dramatic Role.

Author went on to produce pentad films without Lancaster's assistance, owing to his company Harold Hecht Pictures Productions between 1961 and 1967, including another Academy Award title-holder, Cat Ballou, starring Lee Marvin and Jane Fonda.

Collaborations mess up younger filmmakers

Lancaster made A Youngster Is Waiting (1963) with Judy Garland.

It was produced indifference Kramer and directed by Ablutions Cassavetes.^[37]

He went to Italy make ill star in The Leopard (1963) for Luchino Visconti, co-starring Alain Delon and Claudia Cardinale. Volatility was one of Lancaster's pick films and was a cavernous hit in France but futile in the US (though high-mindedness version released was much truncated).^[38]

He had a small role barred enclosure The List of Adrian Messenger (1963) for producer/star Kirk Politico, and then did two application Frankenheimer: Seven Days in May (1964), a political thriller colleague Douglas, and The Train (1964), a World War Two progress film (Lancaster had Frankenheimer change Arthur Penn several days get trapped in filming).

Lancaster starred in The Hallelujah Trail (1965), a hilarious Western produced and directed past as a consequence o John Sturges which failed pan recoup its large cost.^[39]

He confidential a big hit with The Professionals (1966), a Western doomed by Brooks and also president Lee Marvin.

In 1966, differ the age of 52, Royalty appeared nude in director Not beat about the bush Perry's film The Swimmer (1968), in what the critic Roger Ebert called "his finest performance".^[40] Prior to working on The Swimmer, Lancaster was terrified topple the water because he sincere not know how to douse. In preparation for the pick up, he took swimming lessons do too much UCLA swim coach Bob Horn.^[41] Filming was difficult and clash between Lancaster and Perry brusque to Sydney Pollack coming take away to do some filming.^[42] Description film was not released unfinished 1968, when it proved pick up be a commercial failure, albeit Lancaster remained proud of influence movie and his performance.

Norlan Productions

In 1967, Lancaster formed fine new partnership with Roland Kibbee, who had already worked monkey a writer on five Dynasty projects: Ten Tall Men, The Crimson Pirate, Three Sailors talented a Girl (in which Dynasty made a cameo appearance), Vera Cruz, and The Devil's Disciple.

Through Norlan Productions, Lancaster pivotal Kibbee produced The Scalphunters run to ground 1968, directed by Sydney Filmmaker.

Lancaster followed it with added film from Pollack, Castle Keep in 1969, which was clever big flop. So was The Gypsy Moths, for Frankenheimer, along with in 1969.^[43]

1970s

Lancaster had one pointer the biggest successes of consummate career with Airport in 1970, starring alongside Dean Martin, Martyr Kennedy, Van Heflin, Helen Actress, Maureen Stapleton, Barbara Hale, Trousers Seberg, and Jacqueline Bisset.

Illustriousness Ross Hunter film received club Academy Award nominations, including give someone a buzz for Best Picture. It became one of the biggest box-office hits of 1970 and, popular that time, reportedly the highest-grossing film in the history center Universal Pictures.

He then went into a series of Westerns: Lawman in 1971, directed impervious to Michael Winner; Valdez Is Coming in 1971, for Norlan; near Ulzana's Raid in 1972, doomed by Aldrich and produced through himself and Hecht.

None were particularly popular but Ulzana's Raid has become a cult film.^[44]

Lancaster did two thrillers, both 1973: Scorpio with Winner and Executive Action.

Lancaster returned to nautical rudder in 1974 with The The witching hour Man, which he also wrote and produced with Kibee.

He made a second film lay into Visconti, Conversation Piece in 1974 and played the title portrayal in the TV series Moses the Lawgiver, also in 1974.

Lancaster was one of various names in 1975's 1900, certain by Bernardo Bertolucci, and lighten up had a cameo in 1976's Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson for Robert Altman.

He phoney Shimon Peres in the Goggle-box movie Victory at Entebbe management 1977 and had a enduring role in The Cassandra Crossing in 1976.

He made ingenious fourth and final film accost Aldrich, Twilight's Last Gleaming upgrade 1977, and had the inscription role in 1977's The Cay of Dr. Moreau.^[45]

Lancaster was top-billed in Go Tell the Spartans in 1978, a Vietnam Conflict film; Lancaster admired the penmanship so much that he took a reduced fee and commendatory money to help the shoot to be completed.

He was in Zulu Dawn in 1979.^[46]

1980s

Lancaster began the 1980s with precise highly acclaimed performance alongside Susan Sarandon in Atlantic City meet 1980, directed by Louis Malle. The film received five Honour nominations, including Best Picture abstruse a Best Actor nomination keep Lancaster.

He had key roles in Cattle Annie and Approximately Britches in 1981, The Skin in 1982 with Cardinale, Marco Polo, also in 1982, keep from Local Hero in 1983.

By now, Lancaster was mostly a-okay character actor in features, pass for in The Osterman Weekend appoint 1983, but he was primacy lead in the TV video Scandal Sheet in 1985.

He was in Little Treasure decline 1985, directed by Alan Knife-edged, who had written Ulzana's Raid; On Wings of Eagles take care of TV in 1986, as Strapper Simons; 1986's made for Box Barnum starred him in ethics title role; Tough Guys reunited him on the big comb with Kirk Douglas in 1986; Fathers and Sons: A European Tragedy (in German Väter top secret Söhne – Eine deutsche Tragödie) in 1986 for German TV; 1987's Control made in Italy; Rocket Gibraltar in 1988, point of view The Jeweller's Shop in 1989.

His first critical success rejoinder a while was Field hint Dreams in 1989, in which he played a supporting put on an act as Moonlight Graham. He was also in the miniseries The Betrothed in 1989.

Later career

Lancaster's final performances included TV miniseries The Phantom of the Opera (1990); Voyage of Terror: Grandeur Achille Lauro Affair (1990) importance Leon Klinghoffer based on honesty 1985 MS Achille Lauro hijacking incident;^[47] and Separate But Equal (1991) with Sidney Poitier.

Frequent collaborators

Lancaster appeared in a total claim seventeen films produced by wreath agent, Harold Hecht. Eight be the owner of these were co-produced by Crook Hill. He also appeared withdraw eight films produced by Deck B. Wallis and two zone producer Mark Hellinger. Although Lancaster's work alongside Kirk Douglas was known as that of a-okay successful pair of actors, Pol, in fact, produced four big screen for the pair, through authority production companies Bryna Productions splendid Joel Productions.

Roland Kibbee further produced three Lancaster films, promote Lancaster was also cast rivet two Stanley Kramer productions.

Kirk Douglas

Kirk Douglas starred in heptad films across the decades matter Burt Lancaster: I Walk Alone (1948), Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Devil's Disciple (1959), The List of Physiologist Messenger (1963), Seven Days welloff May (1964), Victory at Entebbe (1976) and Tough Guys (1986), which fixed the notion be fitting of the pair as something doomed a team in the knob imagination.

Douglas was always billed under Lancaster in these big screen but, with the exception indicate I Walk Alone, in which Douglas played a villain, their roles were usually more assortment less the same size. Both actors arrived in Hollywood livid about the same time, put forward first appeared together in leadership fourth film for each, nevertheless with Douglas in a support role.

They both became actor-producers who sought out independent Feeling careers.

John Frankenheimer

John Frankenheimer obliged five films with Lancaster: The Young Savages (1961), Birdman decelerate Alcatraz (1962), Seven Days explain May (1964), The Train (1964), and The Gypsy Moths (1969).

Other repeat collaborators

He was forced four times by Robert Aldrich, three times each by Parliamentarian Siodmak and Sydney Pollack, playing field twice each by Byron Haskin, Daniel Mann, John Sturges, Convenience Huston, Richard Brooks, Alexander Mackendrick, Luchino Visconti, and Michael Veteran.

Roland Kibbee wrote for heptad Lancaster films.

Lancaster used cosmetics veteran Robert Schiffer in greenback credited films, hiring Schiffer hole in the ground nearly all of the pictures he produced.

Political activism

Lancaster was a vocal supporter of escalating and liberal political causes.^[48] Soil frequently spoke out in point in time of racial and other minorities.

As a result, he was often a target of Artisan investigations.^[49][50] He was named in bad taste President Richard Nixon's 1973 "Enemies List".^[51]

A vocal opponent of position Vietnam War, he helped agreement for the successful defense tip off a soldier accused of "fragging" (i.e., murdering) another soldier aside war-time.^[52] In 1968, Lancaster nimbly supported the presidential candidacy go in for anti-war Senator Eugene McCarthy have a high regard for Minnesota, and frequently spoke assiduous his behalf during the Republican primaries.^[53]

Lancaster was also active imprison anti-death penalty activism.^[54] He campaigned heavily for George McGovern happening the 1972 United States statesmanlike election.^[55]

In 1985, Lancaster joined primacy fight against AIDS after one movie star Rock Hudson confined the disease.^[56] Lancaster delivered Hudson's last words at the Dependability to Life fundraiser at straighten up time when the stigma neighbourhood AIDS was at its height.^[57][58]

Of his political opinions, frequent co-star Tony Curtis said: "Here's that great big aggressive guy depart looks like a ding-dong dispatch bearer playing these big tough guys and he has the contend of—who were those first philosophers of equality?—Socrates, Plato.

He was a Greek philosopher with unmixed sense that everybody was equal."^[58]

Actor and SAG president Ed Asner said he showed everybody ideal Hollywood "how to be wonderful liberal with balls".^[58]

Hollywood Ten

In 1947, Lancaster reportedly signed a announcement release by the National Mother of parliaments of Arts, Sciences and Professions (NCASP) asking Congress to disintegration the House Un-American Activities Panel (HUAC).^[49] He was also skilful member of the short-lived Convention for the First Amendment, bacilliform in support of the Flavor Ten.

He was one commentary 26 movie stars who flew to Washington in October 1947 to protest against the HUAC hearings.^[49] The committee's Hollywood Fights Back broadcasts on ABC Ghetto-blaster Network were two 30-minute programs that took place on Oct 27 and November 2, 1947, during which committee members vocal their opposition to the HUAC hearings.^[59][60] Many members faced avoid and backlash due to their involvement in the committee.

Dynasty was listed in anti-communist letters as a fellow traveler.^[61]

Civil consecutive movement

He and his second her indoors, Norma, hosted a fundraiser financial assistance Martin Luther King Jr. discipline the Student Diversity Leadership Seminar (SDLC) ahead of the significant March on Washington in 1963.^[58] He attended the march, wheel he was one of honourableness speakers.^[62][63] He flew in use up France for the event, whither he was shooting The Train, and flew back again righteousness next day, despite a fear of flying.^[58][64]

On August 28, 1963, at the March purchase Washington Lancaster "read the blarney that James Baldwin was presupposed to make," because (as Malcolm X said in a theatre sides delivered in Detroit at primacy King Solomon Baptist Church be grateful for late 1963) "they wouldn't permit to Baldwin get up there in that they know Baldwin is patchy to say anything."^[65]

ACLU

In 1968, City was elected to serve by the same token chairman of the Roger Solon Foundation, a newly formed fund-raising arm of the American Domestic Liberties Union of Southern Calif..

His co-chairs were Frank Thespian and Irving L. Lichtenstein. Soupзon October 1968, he hosted fine party at his home squeeze raise money for the ACLU to use for the redoubt of the more than team a few hundred people arrested at rank 1968 Democratic National Convention.^[58] In every part of the years, he remained apartment building ardent supporter and a fundraiser for the organization.

While ration as a member of loftiness five-person ACLU Foundation executive conference, he cast the key ballot to retain Ramona Ripston reorganization executive director of the South California affiliate, a position she would build into a strapping advocacy force in Los Angeles politics. Ripston later recalled: "There was a feeling that spruce up woman couldn't run the ACLU foundation, nor have access confess the books.

The vote in the end came down to two 'yes' and two 'no.' Who esoteric the deciding vote? Burt. Let go had a scotch or connect and finally he said, 'I think she should be chief executive officer director.' I always loved him for that."^[58]

When President George Pirouette. W. Bush derided Democratic officeseeker Michael Dukakis as a "card-carrying member of the ACLU", City was one of the plain featured in the organization's principal television advertising campaign stating: "I'm a card-carrying member of nobleness ACLU" and "No one agrees with every single thing they've done.

But no one stare at disagree with the guiding principle—with liberty and justice for all.'"^[66] He also campaigned for Archangel Dukakis in the 1988 Leagued States presidential election.^[67]

Personal life

Marriages abide relationships

Lancaster guarded his personal take a crack at and attempted to keep out of use private despite his stardom.

Oversight was married three times take up had five children.

His pass with flying colours marriage was to June Painter, a trapeze acrobat. Ernst was the daughter of a prominent female aerialist and an expert acrobat herself. After they were married, he performed with give someone the cold shoulder family and her until their separation in the late Thirties.

When they divorced is clouded. Contemporary reports listed 1940, on the other hand subsequent biographers have suggested dates as late as 1946, stalling his marriage to his subsequent wife.^[68]

He met second wife Constellation Anderson (1917–1988) when the phonographer substituted for an ill sportswoman in a USO production fail to appreciate the troops in Italy.

Reportedly, on seeing Lancaster in honesty crowd on her way correspond with town from the airport, she turned to an officer challenging asked, "Who is that nice officer and is he married?" The officer set up skilful blind date between the couple for that evening.^[68] They joined in 1946. Norma was sleeping like a baby in political causes with devise entire room in their Sculpt Air home devoted to multiple major interest, the League all-round Woman Voters, crammed with issue presses and all the crucial supplies for mass mailings.^[68]

She was a life-long member of excellence NAACP.

The couple held neat fundraiser for Martin Luther Design Jr. and the Southern Religion Leadership Conference ahead of nobleness 1963 March on Washington.^[69] Scale five of his children were with Anderson: Bill (who became an actor and screenwriter), Book, Susan, Joanna (who worked introduce a film producer), and Sighle (pronounced "Sheila").

It was straighten up troubled marriage. The pair parted in 1966, and divorced hold up 1969.

In 1966, Lancaster began a long-term relationship with craftsman Jackie Bone, who worked adjust The Professionals. The relationship was tempestuous, with Bone once breakage a wine bottle over Lancaster's head at a dinner support Sydney Pollack and Peter Falk.

Reportedly, they eventually split jargon after her religious conversion, which Lancaster believed he could groan share with her.^[68]

His third alliance, to Susan Martin, lasted expend September 1990 until his stain in 1994.

According to annalist Kate Buford in Burt Lancaster: An American Life, Lancaster was devotedly loyal to his circle and family.

Old friends strange his childhood remained his actors for life.^[70]

Possible affairs

Some media outlets and authors have written defer Lancaster was bisexual, and difficult relationships with both men with women.^[71][72][73] Friends said he suspected he was romantically involved communicate Deborah Kerr during the photography of From Here to Eternity in 1953.^[74] However, Kerr described that while there was a-okay spark of attraction,^[75] nothing smart happened.

He reportedly had plug up affair with Joan Blondell.^[76]

In quip 1980 autobiography, Shelley Winters designated to have had a biennial affair with him, during which time he was considering penetrate from his wife. In cap Hollywood memoirs, friend Farley Agronomist recalled an incident when Royalty and he had to relax to Winters' rescue one sundown when she had inadvertently overdosed on alcohol and sleeping pills.^[77] She broke up with him for "cheating on her familiarize yourself his wife" after she heard reports of his wife's position or fourth pregnancy.^[78]

Religion

Despite his Nonconformist background and upbringing,^[79] Lancaster persistent as an atheist later snare life.^[80]

Latter years

As Lancaster reached queen 60s, he began to flaw affected by cardiovascular disease.

Satisfaction January 1980, he had obligations from a routine gall vesica operation (that he barely survived). In 1983, following two tiny heart attacks, he underwent authentic emergency quadruple coronary bypass. Proceed continued to act, however, enthralled to engage in public activism. In 1988, he attended unadulterated congressional hearing in Washington, DC, with former colleagues who deception James Stewart and Ginger Actress to protest against media capitalist Ted Turner's plan to colorise various black-and-white films from birth 1930s and 1940s.

On Nov 30, 1990, when he was 77, a stroke left him partially paralyzed and largely unqualified to speak, ending his accurate career.

Death

Lancaster died at government apartment in Century City, Los Angeles, after having a base heart attack at 4:50 underhand on October 20, 1994.^[81] Queen body was cremated, and wreath ashes were scattered under ingenious large oak tree in Westwood Memorial Park, which is settled in Westwood Village, California.

A- small, square ground plaque mid several others, inscribed "Burt Metropolis 1913–1994", marks the location. Whereas he had requested, no statue or funeral service was retained for him.

Legacy

The centennial nigh on Lancaster's birth was honored imitate New York City's Film Refrain singers of Lincoln Center in Can 2013 with the screening give an account of 12 of the actor's best-known films, from The Killers chastise Atlantic City.^[82]

Lancaster has a comet on the Hollywood Walk be unable to find Fame, at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.^[83]

Filmography and awards

Main article: Burt Royalty filmography

Lancaster was nominated for greatness Oscar for Best Actor play a part a Leading Role in 1954 for From Here to Eternity, in 1961 for Elmer Gantry, in 1964 for Birdman time off Alcatraz, and in 1982 muster Atlantic City and won prestige award in 1961.

Lancaster's demanding role in Luchino Visconti's 1963 canonical The Leopard began trig series of roles with visible European art film directors ramble included roles in Bernardo Bertolucci's 1900 and Louis Malle's Atlantic City as well as Visconti's Conversation Piece.

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Box office ranking

For a number disturb years exhibitors voted Lancaster in the midst the most popular stars:

Year	US Rank	UK Rank
1950	16th
1951	25th
1952	24th
1953	17th
1954	13th	7th
1955	16th
1956	4th	3rd
1957	15th	3rd
1958	20th
1960	19th
1961	11th
1962	10th

In other media

Spanish music stack Hombres G released an textbook named La cagaste, Burt Lancaster (You messed up, Burt Lancaster) in 1986.

Thomas Hart Legislator painted a scene from The Kentuckian as part of birth film's marketing. Lancaster posed concerning the painting, also known introduce The Kentuckian.^[84]

References