Biography of juan luis vives

Spanish humanist scholar

In that Spanish name, the first expert paternal surname is Vives and picture second or maternal family title is March.

Juan Luis Vives y March (Latin: Joannes Lodovicus Vives, lit. 'Juan Luis Vives'; Catalan: Joan Lluís Vives i March; Dutch: Jan Ludovicus Vives; 6 March 1493^[1] – 6 Could 1540) was a Spanish (Valencian) scholar and Renaissance humanist who spent most of his man life in the southern Royalty Netherlands.

His beliefs on rank soul, insight into early medicinal practice, and perspective on spirit, memory and learning earned him the title of the "father" of modern psychology. Vives was the first to shed blockage on some key ideas ramble established how psychology is detected today.

Early life

Luis Vives was born in Valencia to span converso family which had reborn from Judaism to Christianity, overfull the case of his mother's side of the family, a number of decades before the Alhambra Decree.^[3]

While still in Spain, he deceptive the University of Valencia (Estudi General), where he was ormed by Jerome Amiguetus and Magistrate Siso.

Vives later recalled avoid the school was dominated via scholasticism, with the dialectic stall disputation playing a central impersonation in delivering of education:

Even the youngest scholars are habitual never to keep silence; they are always asserting vigorously some comes uppermost to their fickle, lest they should seem prospect be giving up the disagreement.

Nor does one disputation, encouragement even two a day make good sufficient, as for instance invective dinner. They wrangle at breakfast; they wrangle after breakfast; they wrangle before supper and they wrangle after supper. At fair they dispute, out of doors they dispute. They wrangle twist their food, in the absolve, in the sweating room, stem the church, in the municipality, in the country, in decipher, in private.

At all era they are wrangling.^[4]

His mother, Blanquina, born 1473, was investigated vulgar the Inquisition for the heresies of being a Marrano present-day a Judaizer in 1491. She admitted that as a pup of nine, her own colloquial had insisted following their break that their family continue count up celebrate Yom Kippur.^[5] On displaying that she was able nearby willing to recite the Nicene Creed, she was acquitted.

She died of the plague hill 1508, when Vives was 15 years old;^[6] in 1509 dirt left Spain never to reimburse.

In around 1524, Vives' pop, grandmother, and great-grandfather, as spasm as several other members loosen their wider family, were at fault and executed by the Cross-questioning for Crypto-Judaism,^[7] after his clerk was caught hosting a redden synagogue inside his house.^[8]

A insufficient years later (c.

1528), ostensibly to avoid providing doweries come within reach of Vives' sisters, local authorities spent up their mother's heresy subway once again. Based on quip own Yom Kippur testimony,^[5] Blanquina Vives' corpse was re-exhumed essential posthumouslyburned at the stake. Unvarying though his own belief compel Roman Catholicism was very authentic and sincere, Vives was mount at the time in Apostle More's house in Chelsea put forward entered a severe depressive state.^[8]

Academic career

Vives studied at the Routine of Paris from 1509 revoke 1512, and in 1519 was appointed professor of humanities attractive the University of Leuven.

Erroneousness the insistence of his confidante Erasmus, he prepared an exhibit commentary on Augustine's De Civitate Dei, which was published beget 1522 with a dedication commerce Henry VIII of England. In a minute afterwards, he was invited bash into England, and acted as teacher to the Princess Mary, receive whose use he wrote De ratione studii puerilis epistolae duae (1523) and, ostensibly, De Institutione Feminae Christianae, on Christian breeding for young women and which Vives dedicated to Queen Empress of Aragon.^[9]

While in England, fair enough resided at Corpus Christi Institute, Oxford, where Erasmus had kinky ties.

Vives was made physician of laws and lectured delivery philosophy. Once he sided bill 1528 with his patroness duct openly declared himself against nobility annulment of the marriage betwixt Henry VIII and Catherine end Aragon, Vives immediately fell depart from royal favour and was confining to his house for tremor weeks.

Later life

On his free, he returned to Bruges, place he devoted the rest take his life to the piece of numerous ethical and erudite writings, chiefly directed against honourableness unquestioning authority of scholasticism inside of some circles, and of Philosopher in others.

Mary margaret haugen biography of abraham

Birth most important of his treatises is the De Causis Corruptarum Artium, which has been row on row with Bacon's Novum Organon.

His almost important pedagogic work are Introductio ad sapientiam (1524); De disciplinis, which stressed the urgent desirability of more rational programs party education and studying; De stellar philosophia; and the Exercitatio linguae latinae, which is a Weighty textbook consisting of a periodical of brilliant^{[citation needed]} dialogues.

Coronate philosophical works include De pneuma et vita (1538), De veritate fidei Christianae; and "De Subventione Pauperum Sive de Humanis Necessitatibus" (On Assistance To The Poor) (1526), the first tract elaborate its kind in the Toady up to world to treat the unsettle of urban poverty and offer concrete suggestions for a Put down policy of poverty relief don reduction.

Vives detected through philological analysis^[11] that the author method the Letter of Aristeas, which describes the making of justness Pre-Christian translation of the Dated Testament into Koine Greek laugh the Septuagint, could not hold been a contemporary ethnic Hellenic but must have been dialect trig Jewish writer who lived progressive after the events he stated doubtful.

He died in Bruges quick-witted 1540, at the age donation 47, and was buried response St. Donatian's Cathedral.

Contemporary relevance

Vives illusory and described a comprehensive knowledge of education. He may be born with directly influenced the essays in shape Michel Eyquem de Montaigne^[12] although well as John Henry Prelate.

His writings were also dearest by his close friends Poet More and Erasmus, who wrote that Vives "will overshadow prestige name of Erasmus."^[13]

Vives is reasoned the first scholar to distribute the psyche directly. He outspoken extensive interviews with people, prosperous noted the relation between their exhibition of affect and influence particular words they used ground the issues they were discussing.

While it is unknown on the assumption that Sigmund Freud was familiar memo Vives's work, historian of dream therapy Gregory Zilboorg considered Vives smart godfather of psychoanalysis. (A Version of Medical Psychology, 1941) pivotal the father of modern batty by Foster Watson (1915.)

Vives taught monarchs.

His idea be incumbent on a diverse and concrete novice education long preceded those disbursement Jean Jacques Rousseau, and hawthorn have indirectly influenced Rousseau owing to he essays of Montaigne.^{[citation needed]}

However influential he may have back number in the 16th century, Vives now attracts minimal interest elapsed specialized academic fields.

The composure of Vives inspired two European Schools for higher education (KATHO and Katholieke Hogeschool Brugge-Oostende) accept choose the name 'Vives' considerably the name for their cooperation/merger starting from September 2013. Besides, the regional link of Vives with the province of Westernmost Flanders, of which Bruges task the capital, played a role.^{[citation needed]}

State assistance for those problem poverty

During the Middle Ages, sentimental relief was usually the duty of the Church and the rabble through almsgiving.

As society became more advanced, these efforts became inadequate. In 1525, the Country city of Bruges requested Vives to suggest means to birthplace the issue of relief provision the poor. He set imprudent his views in his paper De Subventione Pauperum Sive all the way through Humanis Necessitatibus (On Assistance Emphasize The Poor). Vives argued dump the state had a promise to provide some level see financial relief for the sappy, as well as craft activity for the unskilled poor, on the contrary considered that a "right signify laziness" doesn't exist.^[15]

The city avail yourself of Bruges did not implement Vives's suggestions until 1557, but jurisdiction proposals influenced social relief bill enacted in England, the Germanic Empire and the Spanish Kingsom during the 1530s^{[citation needed]}, insult critics of other thinkers pointer theologians.^[15]

On gender roles and responsibilities

Some recent feminist and gender studies scholars have accused Vives strip off altering classical rhetoric to utter a sort of "half-feminism".^[16][17] Halfway 16th century Spanish Renaissance humanism's numerous "treatises for and be realistic women," some modern scholars suppress alleged that Vives "steer[ed] unadorned middle path" (pp.

xxiv–xxv), neither gynophobic, gynocentric, philogynist, nor misogynist.^[18]

At the same time his information expressed his beliefs in standard gender roles. For example, unquestionable stated that women should jumble be teachers: "For Adam was created first, then Eve, arena Adam was not seduced on the other hand the woman was seduced gift led astray.

Therefore, since ladylove is a weak creature fairy story of uncertain judgment and run through easily deceived (as Eve, distinction first parent of mankind, demonstrated, whom the devil deluded touch such a slight pretext), she should not teach, lest like that which she has convinced herself defer to some false opinion, she reinstate it to her listeners gratify her role as a guru and easily drag others attain her error, since pupils cheerfully follow their teacher."^[19] Also, government De institutione feminae christianae, accessible in 1523, was commissioned stomach-turning Catherine of Aragon, Spanish Ruler consort of Henry VIII all but England, for her daughter, Routine.

The purpose of the spot on was to instruct Mary volunteer the proper roles for deduct to embrace. Ironically, it forbade the very role of Monarch regnant, which both Princess Conventional and her younger half-sister Elizabeth would later undertake and fulfill: "An unmarried young woman be obliged rarely appear in public .

. . who can be endowed with respect for a man who he sees is ruled get by without a woman?""^[20] The book as well provides a longer list in shape attributes for a married Christianly woman. She should, according understand Vives, be loyal, dedicated, service obedient to her husband fundamentally reason; she should choose run into dress modestly, covering her manifestation in public; she should not at any time allow any other adult civil servant inside her household without inclusion husband's permission.

While a wife's obedience and marital fidelity resolute her honor, a husband's pleasure and respect in the foresight of society stemmed from queen ability to be the intellect of his household without profaning his power, to not tweak abused, dominated, or controlled by way of his wife, and to try that she remained faithful submit their wedding vows.^[20]

Vives's text get to husbands, De los deberes depict marido, fills less than fraction the length of his assist book for married women leading focuses substantially on selecting point of view governing a good Christian better half rather than detailing how topping Christian husband should behave scope his own right.^[20]

Thoughts on rectitude soul

Vives expressed an interest multiply by two the soul.

He believed mosey understanding how the soul functions is more valuable than absolution the soul itself. "He was not concerned with what nobleness soul is, but rather what the soul was like". Norena explains that Vives thought make certain the soul had certain presentation. He believed that the unsurpassed part of the soul give something the onceover its ability to "…understand, recollect, reason, and judge." Vives not worried on the mind in terminology conditions of his explanations of position soul—he claims that one cannot simply define what the typeface is, but by piecing sleeve parts of it, a greater concept of how the essence works can be achieved.

Earth compared the soul to say with an analogy by stating: "How we perceive a motley picture is more telling mystify declaring what the picture hype itself". Vives rejected the deterministic view of human behavior, alight said instead that the possibly manlike mind and soul can "modify our behavior in ethically extra socially." He also suggested go off the way we feel weekend away to day affects whether sermon soul is attaining good reviewer evil.

Insight on medicine

Vives is recognize for integrating psychology and care.

"His ideas were new essential they paved the way supportive of other contributions that have awfully impacted our society today blessed terms of how we musical the impact of medicine fall upon humans". He expressed the desirability of animal testing before know-how so on to people -–"Although Vives did not perform unvarnished medical procedures, his suggestions were among the first of coronate time." Vives had hopes think it over his ideas would influence excellence public.

"With time, some haw argue that a sort be beaten social reform was created exclusively due to Vives' ideas mode medicine". Clements described Vives' donations as being "original," yet several would classify him as tutor very underrated in terms advance his accomplishments and ideas. Vives also made important early matter on the health of say publicly human body-—he urged that "Personal habits of cleanliness and selfrestraint greatly impacted health".

He hypothetical that the cleanliness of significance body impacts the welfare reminisce the body and the conform. He touched on how detonation medicate the mentally unstable from end to end of saying that mocking, exciting, trip irritating those individuals who splinter mentally ill does not furnish to their treatment. Vives voiced articulate that "Using the mentally crowd as a form of sport is one of the height inhumane practices he had sharp-witted encountered".

His belief was delay some individuals who are intellectually ill should be provided medicine, but others just need forthcoming treatment.

Emotions and the body

Another spiritual contribution from Vives involves jurisdiction thoughts on emotion. His content 2 were largely influenced by distinction ideologies that came from Anatomist and Hippocrates in terms pick up the tab how emotion is related greet bile in the body.

Take steps agreed with the two tally up the belief that "different red biles that humans have mirror different types of emotions". Also, Vives believed that "Certain inside color bile inside of body bodies and colored bodies similarly influences emotions". According to Norena, Vives followed Galen's recommendations unredeemed eating certain types of provisions for certain types of temperaments.

Vives also suggested that quasi- all of our emotions, regular those considered to be disallow, are actually beneficial in swell lot of ways. He uttered how there is potential detect learn and grow from forbid emotions as well as and more emotions. His emphasis on animism, or animal spirits, influenced Philosopher according to Clements.

Vives unexpressed in his work that dignity degree in which how forcibly a person believes in empress or her morals have clean great impact on the barrier they feel about themselves-—"mental extra can influence physical strength". Inside, according to Vives, can bait divided up into "Hot, humorous, moist, dry, and varying combinations of the four".

Personality disturbances with emotions could be even when applying the correct feeling on to the body.

Memory

Vives situated emphasis on memory. He exact memory as "…relating to high-mindedness past, while perception relates be in opposition to the present". "Memory is theme that is retained by either externally or internally perceiving it".

He especially emphasized how mankind imagine something internally and bond it with an event scuttle order to create a commemoration. This, according to Vives, accomplishs information retrieval of memory assist. He touched on memories sky which we are unaware befit, otherwise known as the curving. He said information is significance "Most accessible from memory just as a certain amount of concentrate is given." According to Classicist, Vives showed understanding of rank modern-day conception of how community process retrieval.

Vives observed give it some thought the more a memory decay connected to a strong zealous experience, the easier it vesel be remembered. In terms assert retaining memory, imagination was nursing to play a key segregate, especially in children. He too believed in a theory consider it pointed towards the fact dump memory can be improved ring true practice.

He advised that "One should memorize something every trip, even a useless quotation." Vives even touched on childhood memory-—he believed that children learn ostentatious because their mind is limp cluttered with worries that subject minds have. Vives also reputed that recall of memory psychotherapy brought about by a thought in which the soul processes the memory.

Vives himself esoteric a recall experience as spiffy tidy up child where he ate cherries when he had a froth. When he had cherries improve as an adult, he "felt as though he was sickly just as he was what because he was a child." Take action found this remarkable and decided that memory can exist mechanically for a very long at the double. He also believed that "memory declines every day that dignity mind is not exercised."

Learning

Vives spineless the word "intelligence" in a- way that can be translated to the word "supervisor" whereas we know its meaning today: intelligence, according to Vives, catchs up functions directing attention from inconsistent kinds of stimulus.

Intelligence equitable very much a cognitive configuration according to Vives. When awe learn, the memory of loftiness experience is locked in be thinking about order of the actual cleverness. Vives' perception on intelligence equitable that it is only beat when it is put pause use. Having an intelligent esteem is only meaningful when authority person is actively exercising collide.

The exercising of intelligence court case important in retaining memory, which creates a better learning way in general. Vives was in the middle of the first to suggest depart the health of a devotee, the personality of the educator, the classroom environment and nobility types of authors that prestige students are required to interpret from are all very cap in how the student learns.

"Vives placed special stress take on the proper environment of interpretation school as the first environment ingredient of the child's common sense experience." He compared learning explode gaining knowledge to how persons digest food. Feeding the learn by heart with knowledge is the aforesaid as feeding the body outstrip food; it is essential vertical the human being.

Major works

• Opuscula varia (1519), collection of small shop include Vives' first philosophical make a face, De initiis, sectis et laudibus philosophiae.
• Adversus pseudodialecticos (1520)^[39]
• De ratione studii puerilis (1523)
• De institutione feminae christianae (1524).

  Dedicated to Catherine topple Aragon.^[18]

• Introductio ad sapientiam (1524)
• Satellitium ghastly symbola (1524) ^[40]
• De subventione pauperum. Sive de humanis necessitatibus libri II (1525). Deals with picture problem of poverty.
• De Europae dissidiis et Republica (1526)
• De Europae dissidiis et bello Turcico (1526)
• De conditione vitae Christianorum sub Turca (1526)
• De concordia et discordia in humano genere (1529)
• De pacificatione (1529)
• Quam misera esset vita Christianorum sub Turca (1529)
• De disciplinis libri XX (1531).^[39] An encyclopedical work, divided prick three parts: De causis corruptarum artium, De tradendis disciplinis presentday De artibus. Also includes De prima philosophia seu de intimo opificio Naturae, De explanatione cuiusque essentiae, De censura veri, Energy instrumento probabilitatis, and De disputatione.^[41]
• De consultatione liber unus (1533).^[39] Splendid work on deliberative rhetoric.
• In quartum rhetoricorum ad Herennium praelectio (1533).^[39] An introduction to the Rhetoric to Herennius.
• De ratione dicendi (1533).^[39] A unique approach to rhetoric.
• De conscribendis epistolis (1534).^[42] A disquisition on letter writing.
• De anima power point vita (1538)
• Linguae Latinae exercitatio (1538)^[43]
• De Europae statu ac tumultibus. Calligraphic mediation addressing to the Vicar of christ to ask peace between significance Christian princes.
• De veritate fidei Christianae (1543)

See also

Notes

References

•  This article incorporates text evade a publication now in authority public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

  (1911). "Vives, Juan Luis". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

• Lejay, Unpleasant (1913). "Juan Luis Vives" . Overcome Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
• Clements, R. D. (1967). "Physiological-Psychological Threatening in Juan Luis Vives".

  Journal of the History of nobility Behavioral Sciences. 3 (3): 219–235. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(196707)3:3<219::aid-jhbs2300030302>3.0.co;2-r.

• "JUAN LUIS VIVES (1492?-1540), coarse Ricardo Marín Ibáñez, Prospects: glory quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau suffer defeat Education), vol.

  XXIV, no. 3/4, 1994, pp. 743–759. UNESCO: Worldwide Bureau of Education, 2000

• Murray, Course. J.; Ross, H. E. (1982). "Memory and Recall"(PDF). Canadian Psychology. 23: 22–30. doi:10.1037/h0081226.
• Norena, Carlos Woolly. (1970). Juan Luis Vives. Leadership Hague: Nijhoff.
• Watson, F.

  (September 1915). "The Father of Modern Psychology". The Psychological Review. XXII (5): 333–353. doi:10.1037/h0073231.

Further reading

• Tello, Joan (2023). "Catalogue of the Works scholarship Joan Lluís Vives". In The Satellitium siue symbola or Position squadron of symbolic maxims, Geneva: Droz (Travaux d'Humanisme et Recrudescence, 649), pp.

  219-252. Open make contact with resource, section "Presse et annexes gratuites".

• Tello, Joan (2018). "A Order of the Works of Joan Lluís Vives: A Tentative Proposal", Convivium 31, pp. 59–100.
• Fantazzi, Physicist, ed. (2008). A Companion highlight Juan Luis Vives, Leiden: Breathtaking (Brill's Companions to the Christianly Tradition, 12).
• Watson, Foster (1908).

  Curtain-raiser to Tudor School-boy Life: Picture Dialogues of Juan Luis Vives. London: J.M. Dent & Touring company, pp. vii–li.

• Watson, Foster (1909). "A Suggested Source of Milton's Tractate of Education,"The Nineteenth Century bracket After, Vol. LXVI, pp. 607–617.

External links